Guide to Becoming a Jerk Essay -- Expository Process Essays

Guide to Becoming a JerkBeing a ruffle can be fun. It gives you a feeling of dominance over others you be more important then the rest. You are the wolf among a flock of sheep people fear you, and therefore escort up to you. Being a jerk is not hard all you take away to do is think about yourself and your own feelings, and forget that everyone else has emotions. There are various ways of achieving this perception of importance you can put people down and belittle them, pretend youre better than everyone, or just be plain mean, unpolite, and nasty. Sure, there might be some little voice inside saying that you are no better than anyone else is, but you can overtake out that nagging reminder with constant insults to others. Nothing replaces that great feeling of emotional triumph over one of your peers. The fact that you fork out engaged in and won a verbal war (however one-sided it may be) makes you feel as high as the sky, while the opposing party will in all likelihood sink li ke a rock in quicksand. They will think that you are mean (and you are), and they wont want to befriend you or have respect for you, but you wont care because you perceive yourself at a higher standing than they are.The foremost aspect of being a jerk is to make people feel inferior by way of your comments and actions this also gives you a sense of superiority, which makes you feel important. Also, insults can be spiced up by adding satirical and witty remarks. Degrading someone is easy just greet them with a Hey, loser, or a cynical What do you want, _______? (fill the blank in with your pet witty obscenity), instead of Hey, hows it going or What have you been up to lately?. Start off by being sarcastically mean, and you have already got the jump ... ...you need to be disrespectful and insulting to others you need to make everyone else feel lower, and if these people around you feel lower, then you feel higher. Thats what this human beings is about, getting to the top by steppin g on others the ends justify the means. While youre working your way up, youre also having fun at someone elses expense belittling others makes you feel good, doesnt it? Maybe you wont be the most respected and liked person in the world, and the only friends you have will be jerks they could turn their cruel ways against you at any time, but youre ready for them youre a jerk too. Fight give the sack with fire. Even so, thats just a small price to pay to have the feeling of massive importance born at the expense of others. Besides, you arrogatet care if those other people are your friends, or if they respect you theyre not as good as you anyway.

Personality Characteristics Of A Terrorist :: essays research papers fc

More and more in the world today, circumstances have brought about changes in how members have used radical protesting. One route used to protest a situation is through terrorism, and the people who exercise violence in the pur character of what they hold to be just causes are alternately known as terrorists. This movement, although viewed as barbaric, requires a person to view the needs and goals of a particular cause to be greater than that of the well being of others. there are certain characteristic traits that can be found in the majority of terrorism, which can identify a profile of a terrorists mind. A terrorist is non just an insane person, but also possibly a person that has been forced either by personal decision or by situations beyond control to choose an insane method to achieve an unachievable goal.The fundamental beginning of a terrorist organization is the adoption of a cause that, in most cases, entails the liberation of a group of people. This group may base the ir claims on history (real or hastily concocted), on a common heritage, on a language shared by the members of the group and, most important, on hate and contempt directed at an enemy (Reich 10-11). The Middle East is plagued with many another(prenominal) different Zionists that all have a historical claim to Jerusalem, also known as the city of Zion. The Hizballah organization is one of the most wild terrorist groups in the Middle East. This organization has achieved power from the heroic view of jihad (holy war), the state funding received from the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the organizations natural born undecomposed to Israel, especially Jerusalme, due to the belief that the Jews are nothing but land-squatters. The Hizballah have used the hatred and contempt that the Muslims have for the Jews occupying the city of Zion to gain buy at for the liberation of Lebanon.This brings about the first personality characteristic of an oppressed person or people. There is a high frequ ency among terrorist of psychological damage during puerility (Reich 27). While not all terrorists come from battered homes, there is a great number that come from fragmented families where one or both of the parents were not present.Another personality characteristic of a terrorist is dedication. A terrorist cannot be a casual or part-time mercenary, willing to operate only when the acts of violence suit the convenience of a cause.

Essay --

This paper explores the relationship of the pathogenicity of the opportunistic bacterium P. aeruginosa specifically related to the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis and the impact they have on patient parcel out and nursing. cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening, immunosuppressing genetic disorder unto itself, but is a primary cause of opportunistic infection. Studies show that P. aeruginosa infections, common and often chronic and lethal in CF cases, are most often open between ages 0-3 years in a CF patient and develop undetected until the infection is well established and difficult to treat. Because of physical complications related to a childs age, immunosuppression exhibited by those affected with cystic fibrosis, versatile nature of the pathogens virulence and wide multitude of habitable environments, and comorbid factors the pathogen contributes to mortality among infected hosts, it is imperative that thorough diagnostic, preventative, and treatment measures be taken regu larly and begun as early as possible with a cystic fibrosis infant in order to reduce prevalence and incidence of chronic lung infection. Nursing responsibilities include administration of long-term therapeutic medications, parental teaching, lifestyle planning, maintaining optimum health and vigil monitoring in the clinical setting, referrals, and improving the affected childs overall growth, development, and happiness. P. aeruginosa in Young Children with Cystic FibrosisThe nature of an immunosuppressing indisposition among infants invites infection from bacteria normally a part of our normal flora. P. aeruginosa, a common hydrophilic bacterium found in most environments high in moisture, exhibits little virulence until it successfully invades the tissu... ... a necessity, especially during times of hot weather, fever, and excessive exercise in order to prevent hyponatremia. (Nettina, 2010) The nurse should actively encourage the parents to seek ongoing education about their ch ilds disease and share CF information with family members, teachers, school nurse, and anyone who would care for the child. It may be beneficial to refer the family for social work or support groups dedicated to CF. The nurse should also stress the importance of regular medical care and to tolerate attention to advances in treatment, recommending several pulmonary function tests, respiratory cultures, and liver enzyme analyses per year. Parent education regarding proactive roles in their childs health care generally increases the childs quality of life and longevity and promotes optimal development and growth. (Nettina, 2010 Porth & Matfin, 2009)

The Role of Counseling :: essays papers

The Role of Counseling A study performed in 1992, account approximately 3,400,000 youth had failed to complete noble schooldays and were not enrolled in lofty school (Starr 1998). This statistic is based on the United States where job competition has greatly increased due to technology. Many of these student lacked the support and training necessary to succeed in todays society. Currently in every high school across the nation, there is a person responsible for offering support and training to the youth of America. Available for all students is a guidance counselor. Counselors indoors the high school setting play an influential role in the forming of post high school goals through the planning of numerous activities. Education calendar week reported in the Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher 2000 that seventy-one percent of students state their post-high school plans as a four-year college (Eduacation Week, 2000). The fact is seventy-five percent of American s youth do not graduate from college (Starr, 1998). Due to the inconsistency of the reported statistics a counselor pauperisations to advise each student in the direction that best suits them. This task is difficult considering the large number of students per counselor. Counselors are able to advise more students through planned activities (Ordsmyth, 2002). There is also the need to support students through the transitional stage between significant events. Preparing a student to enter a four-year college, two-year college, military or job furiousness is crucial to their future success.Ways to Prepare the StudentA guidance counselor is an important element in the formation of post high school plans. Counselors offer an outlet of information that should be used by all students. There are numerous ways for the counselor to approach post high school planning. One technique is the writing of an essay about their ideal school (Marthers, 1997). This idea was developed by, Paul Marthers, in hopes that conversation would be stimulated. A student involved in the college search should focus on their desires pertaining to college. A study by Nafziger, Holland and Gotffredon, in 1975, indicated the improbability of a student leaving a school that matches their personality type therefore the importance of the college search is highlighted (Marthers, 1997). Starting the college search with a positive outlook will affect the entire treat (Marthers, 1997). Goodnough and Ripley are also accredited with a technique beneficial to post- high school planning (1997).

Antony and Brutus Coercion :: essays papers

Antony and Brutus CoercionBrutus and Marc Antonys CoercionIn Coercion, Douglas Rushkoff explains how easily nation atomic number 18 easily coerced. For example, Rushkoff states that people are convinced by car salesman to pay more for a car than they wanted to. In Julius Caesar, Marc Antony asks to speak at the funeral of his dear friend, Julius Caesar, after maven of the murderers, Brutus, speaks. Brutus convinces the Romans that Caesar would be a tyrant if he did not murder him, while Antony convinces the Romans that Caesar is not ambitious and there would never be another ruler the likes of Caesar. The art of public speaking is important in the past and present. Rushkoff explains that they coerce humans to think a certain way on a topic. He similarly asks, Who are they,and why do we listen to them? He states that each person has a different they, and defines they as those who seem to decide how lives are to be cash in ones chips and control fate and futures. He states th at the best manipulation occurs when the exploitation is not detected. He disapproves of coercion because it takes advantage of susceptible human minds. Marc Antony, as wellspring as Brutus, uses the undetected technique of coercion on the Romans. Brutus speaks first to the Romans and tells them that he and others have murdered Julius Caesar, but it is for the good of the country. Brutus claims that his reasoning behind the mutiny is that he love Rome more than he loved Caesar. Brutus asks the Romans if they would rather be enslaved with Caesar living, or free with Caesar dead. Brutus kills Caesar because he was too ambitious. Now in Brutuss voice communication, he has coerced the Romans into accept that the murder of Caesar is just. He asks the Romans whom he has offended by loving Rome more than any other, and he does not receive a response. In Brutuss short speech, he convinces the people that Caesar was a tyrant and that he does Rome a favor by betraying Caesar. Just as Br utus used resistless coercion, Marc Antony in any case speaks to the Romans with the same technique. Antony gets on the pulpit and starts to speak of the Romans as people just like him, he does not place himself above the Romans, unlike Brutus. Antony begins his speech by agreeing with Brutus, which he had promised Brutus he would do.Antony and Brutus Coercion essays papersAntony and Brutus CoercionBrutus and Marc Antonys CoercionIn Coercion, Douglas Rushkoff explains how easily people are easily coerced. For example, Rushkoff states that people are convinced by car salesman to pay more for a car than they wanted to. In Julius Caesar, Marc Antony asks to speak at the funeral of his dear friend, Julius Caesar, after one of the murderers, Brutus, speaks. Brutus convinces the Romans that Caesar would be a tyrant if he did not murder him, while Antony convinces the Romans that Caesar is not ambitious and there would never be another ruler like Caesar. The art of public speaking is important in the past and present. Rushkoff explains that they coerce humans to think a certain way on a topic. He also asks, Who are they,and why do we listen to them? He states that each person has a different they, and defines they as those who seem to decide how lives are to be run and control fate and futures. He states that the best manipulation occurs when the exploitation is not detected. He disapproves of coercion because it takes advantage of susceptible human minds. Marc Antony, as well as Brutus, uses the undetected technique of coercion on the Romans. Brutus speaks first to the Romans and tells them that he and others have murdered Julius Caesar, but it is for the good of the country. Brutus claims that his reasoning behind the mutiny is that he loved Rome more than he loved Caesar. Brutus asks the Romans if they would rather be enslaved with Caesar living, or free with Caesar dead. Brutus kills Caesar because he was too ambitious. Now in Brutuss speech, he has co erced the Romans into believing that the murder of Caesar is just. He asks the Romans whom he has offended by loving Rome more than any other, and he does not receive a response. In Brutuss short speech, he convinces the people that Caesar was a tyrant and that he does Rome a favor by betraying Caesar. Just as Brutus used passive coercion, Marc Antony also speaks to the Romans with the same technique. Antony gets on the pulpit and starts to speak of the Romans as people just like him, he does not place himself above the Romans, unlike Brutus. Antony begins his speech by agreeing with Brutus, which he had promised Brutus he would do.

Antony and Brutus Coercion :: essays papers

Antony and Brutus CoercionBrutus and Marc Antonys CoercionIn Coercion, Douglas Rushkoff explains how easily people atomic number 18 easily coerced. For example, Rushkoff states that people atomic number 18 convert by car salesman to pay more for a car than they wanted to. In Julius Caesar, Marc Antony asks to speak at the funeral of his dear friend, Julius Caesar, after one of the despatchers, Brutus, speaks. Brutus convinces the Romans that Caesar would be a tyrant if he did not murder him, while Antony convinces the Romans that Caesar is not ambitious and there would never be another ruler like Caesar. The finesse of state-supported speaking is important in the past and present. Rushkoff explains that they coerce humans to think a certain way on a topic. He withal asks, Who are they,and why do we listen to them? He states that each person has a different they, and defines they as those who seem to decide how lives are to be take in and hear fate and futures. He states that the best manipulation occurs when the exploitation is not detected. He disapproves of coercion because it takes advantage of susceptible human minds. Marc Antony, as well as Brutus, uses the undiscovered technique of coercion on the Romans. Brutus speaks first to the Romans and tells them that he and others have murdered Julius Caesar, but it is for the good of the country. Brutus claims that his reasoning behind the mutiny is that he love capital of Italy more than he loved Caesar. Brutus asks the Romans if they would rather be enslaved with Caesar living, or free with Caesar dead. Brutus kills Caesar because he was too ambitious. Now in Brutuss speech, he has coerced the Romans into accept that the murder of Caesar is just. He asks the Romans whom he has offended by loving Rome more than any other, and he does not receive a response. In Brutuss pitiable speech, he convinces the people that Caesar was a tyrant and that he does Rome a favor by betraying Caesar. Just as Br utus used passive coercion, Marc Antony as well as speaks to the Romans with the equivalent technique. Antony gets on the pulpit and starts to speak of the Romans as people just like him, he does not place himself above the Romans, unlike Brutus. Antony begins his speech by agreeing with Brutus, which he had promised Brutus he would do.Antony and Brutus Coercion essays papersAntony and Brutus CoercionBrutus and Marc Antonys CoercionIn Coercion, Douglas Rushkoff explains how easily people are easily coerced. For example, Rushkoff states that people are convinced by car salesman to pay more for a car than they wanted to. In Julius Caesar, Marc Antony asks to speak at the funeral of his dear friend, Julius Caesar, after one of the murderers, Brutus, speaks. Brutus convinces the Romans that Caesar would be a tyrant if he did not murder him, while Antony convinces the Romans that Caesar is not ambitious and there would never be another ruler like Caesar. The art of public speaking is important in the past and present. Rushkoff explains that they coerce humans to think a certain way on a topic. He also asks, Who are they,and why do we listen to them? He states that each person has a different they, and defines they as those who seem to decide how lives are to be run and control fate and futures. He states that the best manipulation occurs when the exploitation is not detected. He disapproves of coercion because it takes advantage of susceptible human minds. Marc Antony, as well as Brutus, uses the undetected technique of coercion on the Romans. Brutus speaks first to the Romans and tells them that he and others have murdered Julius Caesar, but it is for the good of the country. Brutus claims that his reasoning behind the mutiny is that he loved Rome more than he loved Caesar. Brutus asks the Romans if they would rather be enslaved with Caesar living, or free with Caesar dead. Brutus kills Caesar because he was too ambitious. Now in Brutuss speech, he has coerced the Romans into believing that the murder of Caesar is just. He asks the Romans whom he has offended by loving Rome more than any other, and he does not receive a response. In Brutuss short speech, he convinces the people that Caesar was a tyrant and that he does Rome a favor by betraying Caesar. Just as Brutus used passive coercion, Marc Antony also speaks to the Romans with the same technique. Antony gets on the pulpit and starts to speak of the Romans as people just like him, he does not place himself above the Romans, unlike Brutus. Antony begins his speech by agreeing with Brutus, which he had promised Brutus he would do.

Cosmetics: Definition and History Essay

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or scent of the human body. Cosmetics include skincare creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial view asup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, privy oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. A subset of cosmetics is called make-up, which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the users appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.The U. S. intellectual nourishment and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetics in the States defines cosmetics as intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the bodys structure or functions. The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage was strand in Egypt around 3500 BC during the Ancient times with some of the royalty having make up such as Nefertiti, Nefertiti, mask ofTutankhamun, etc. The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing poisonous mercury and often lead.The ancient kingdom of Israel was influenced by cosmetics as put down in the Old Testament2 Kings 930 where Jezebel painted her eyelidsapproximately 840 BC. The Biblical book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well. In the oculus Ages, although its use was frowned upon by Church leaders, many women still wore cosmetics. A popular fad for women during the middle Ages was to adopt a pale-skinned complexion, which was achieved through either applying pastes of lead, chalk, or flour, or by bloodletting. Women would also put white lead pigment that was known as ceruse on their demonstrates to appear to have pale skin.Women in the 19th speed of light liked to be thought of as fragile ladies. They compared themselves to delicate flowers and emphasized their delicacy and femininity. Sometimes ladies discreetly used a little rouge on the cheeks, and used belladonna to dilate their eyes to make their eyes stand out more. Make-up was frowned upon in general especially during the 1870s when social etiquette became more rigid. Actresses except were allowed to use make up and famous beauties such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry could be powdered.Most cosmetic products available were still either chemically dubious, or found in the kitchen amid food colorings, berries and beetroot. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world. Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative side, deformities, blindness, and even death through the ages. Examples of this were the prevalent use of ceruse (white lead), to cover the face during the Renaissance, and blindness caused by the mascara Las h Lure during the early 20th century.

Beyond Romantic Ecocriticism: Toward Urbanatural Roosting Essay

One of S. T. Coleridges many passions was the Science of Words, their use and abuse and the incalculable advantages attached to the raiment of using them appropriately (Aids to Reflection 7). This passion drove Coleridge to coin over 600 words, including psychosomatic, romanticize, supersensuous, and memorable phrases like the willing suspension of dis article of belief. (In fact, the new electronic edition of the Oxford side of meat Dictionary lists Coleridge as 59 in the Top 1000 sources for quotations, only a few slots behind the Bible).He excessively coined the word desynonymize in the belief that clarity in language went hand in hand with clarity in thinking. The importance of words, and coining new ones where necessary, is precisely where Ashton Nichols begins his intriguing book. Nichols invents a word Urba constitution in order forge a new understanding of our relationship to the innate ground. This term (which, as Nichols helpfully points out, rhymes with furniture ) suggests that nature and urban life are not as distinct as human being beings have long supposed ll human and nonhuman get it ons, as well as all breathe in and non-living objects around those lives, are linked in a complex web of interdependent interrelatedness (xiii).Likewise, Nichols refashions the term roosting to describe a new modality of living more self-consciously on the earth by creating more temporary, environmentally sensitive homes in the surrounding environment (3). By engaging these terms, and examining their 18th and 19th century antecedents, Nichols hopes to renew our imbibes of nature at a time of increasing peril for our urban, suburban, rural, and wild environments.Nichols interweaves several types of sources and methodologies in this project romanticist and straitlaced rime and prose, the history of science, ecocriticism, and personal memoir. In taking an ecocritical approach to Romanticism, Nichols aligns his work with Jonathan Bates The Song of th e Earth (2000) Kate Rigbys Topographies of the Sacred The Poetics of Place in European Romanticism (2004) and James McKusicks Green Writing Romanticism and Ecology (2003). just besides conversing with these earlier studies, Nichols book features something unusual for a critical monograph personal memoir -not just in the preface and afterword, which is more common but interleaved in the chapters themselves, wherebit by bitNichols reconstructs a full social class spent roosting in a rustic stone cabin and select urban spots. In twain idea and text this interfusion (to use a Coleridgian coinage) levels the barriers between nature and culture, city and country, academic and personal.While Robert Macfarlanes wonderful book Mountains of the Mind (2003) also alternates between an intellectual history and personal narrative, Nichols pushes until now further by fusing these genres with a manifesto for environmental action. At the heart of this book is a reevaluation of the concept of na ture, a project that began, according to Nichols, not with the environmental revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, but with a new definition of Nature first offered by Romantic writers in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries (xvi).In Romantic Natural Histories William Wordsworth, Charles Darwin and Others (2004) and a fascinating website called Romantic Natural History, Nichols has already displayed his admirable command of the periods literature and science. In this new, deeply interdisciplinary book, he examines conceptions of nature in the poetry of Wordsworth, Shelley, Erasmus Darwin, Keats, and Tennyson in the prose of Thoreau and Hardy and in the science of wonder cabinets, natural history museums, and zoos.Nichols finds a precedent for urbanature in the science and poetry of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, which both relied upon metaphors. In science and poetry alike, he shows, the mind makes metaphors from the nonhuman (natural) world as often as it does f rom human (urban) world at a time when poetry (in fact all art) and natural philosophy (in fact all science) were more closely linked than they often bet today (10). He reminds us that when Coleridge was asked why he attended so many lectures of human physiology in London, he replied, I attend Davys lectures to make up my stock of metaphors. For Nichols, the poetic-scientist take ons imagination buttressed by facts, or facts fired by imagination, to make new metaphors (142).Nichols cites Stephen Hawkings visualization of a murky hole as a contemporary example of the poetic-scientist, and the double-helix shape of DNA arriving in a dream came to my mind as well. Nichols examines the legacy of Romantic poetry through an ecocritical lens, exploring the ways in which the Romantics represent the natural world.Ultimately, however, he aims to go beyond Romantic Ecocriticism because one element of Romanticism has contributed to the problems that urbanature seeks to resolve namely, a vi ew that nature is somehow opposed to urbanity, the wild is what the city gets rid of, human culture is the enemy of nature (xxi). The goal of urbanature is to remove these harmful divisions A fount at the legacy of Romantic natural history will move beyond the word nature as it has been employed since the Enlightenment and beyond the nature versus culture split toward the more inclusive idea of urbanatural roosting. Finally, I will argue that Romantic ecocriticism should now give way to a more socially aware version of environmentalism, one less tightly linked to narrowly Western ideas about the self, the Other, and the relationship between human beings and the natural world.Urbanatural roosting says that, if all military personnel are linked to each(prenominal) other and to their surroundings, then those same humans have clear obligations to each other and to the world they share. (xvii) Moving beyond Romantic ecocriticism, Nichols seeks to dissolve entirely the opposition bet ween nature versus culture, the natural versus the artificial, man versus nature ne of the last great Western dualisms that needs to be bridged or dissolved (203). For Nichols, these dualistic categories are old lines of arbitrary separation that prevent us from seeing both city and country as locations equally meet of human care and concern, all equally serving of the attention needed to sustain them (200). Despite their anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism, the Romantics did succeed in envisioning a dynamic, resilient force at work in both the human and natural worlds.In certain poems by Keats and Coleridge, Nichols posits that one unified power causes all of these natural effects of the wind, the bird, or the frost, but this power is nothing more than a series of physical processes contained in nature, what John Locke and others had called a natural law (27). In Shelleys Ode to the West Wind Nichols finds a similar merging of the human and natural in an autumnal and naturalis tic paradise (124-5). But rather than finding favourable position in the oem, he writes I want to forget about Shelleys sentimentality (As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need) and set aside his characteristic overstatement (I fall upon the thorns of life I bleed ) and think instead about precisely what he achieves in these justly famous lines of poetry. The wind here is not merely moving air it represents the life force itself the elan vital, the chi, a vital energy that pervades the domain (125). For Nichols, this world is purely material the prophecy itself is nothing more complex that a simple truth of material nature spring always follows passShelley produces a resurrection poem without any link to the supernatural. He offers a promise of natural power and organic efficacy without any reference to a world beyond the physical world, beyond the world I earth-closet see and hear and feel outside my window every day. (127). But can this naturalistic reading of the poem acc ount for its wealth of secularized biblical imagery? For its references to prayer, the thorns of life, apocalyptic showers of black rain, fire, and hail, and most especially the prophetic stance in the reason out lines?These are, I think, spiritual and supernatural motifs that possibly engage a transcendent third category beyond nature and culture. Nevertheless, abandoning this idea of the transcendent may be the very first step necessary for realizing urbanature. Nichols highlights the inherent cultural bias that shapes our conceptions of nature what we observe when we observe nature, he writes, is not some Platonically pure nature in itself, but a nature that is always changing, always determined by specific circumstances, by my consciousness, and by precise conditions in each contextual instance (188) .Our cultural context today is more variegated and includes a greater familiarity with atheistic, agnostic, and non-Christian spiritual traditions as well as wider gaps between sc ience, literature and religion. Nichols is consistently forthright in his desire to refashion the term nature for our times. Towards the end of the book especially, the manifesto-like rhetoric gains strength Like ecocentrism, urbanatural roosting will not be so difficult.All it will require is that every one of us should think about, care about, and do something good about every place, every person, every creature, and everything that each of us can effect on planet earth (206-7). Nichols calls for nothing less than a new ethic, an ecoethic that recognizes the intrinsic value of both animate and inanimate nature. Nichols has a gift for writing about the history of science the best chapters in this book elucidate emotional responses to science in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. He sees amusement as a concept that links Romantic poetry to Romantic science in significant ways.Pleasure located in the nonhuman world, and pleasure taken by humans in the natural world, are concepts that comingle in a whole range of Romantic metaphors and writings anthropocentric, ecocentric, and differently (88). Nichols salutes the galvanizing force of wonder in Romantic science, a topic also brilliantly explored by Richard Holmes in The Age of Wonder (2008). Zoos and other forms of live or dead animal displays, writes, Nichols, -as I have already suggested in my reflections on natural history museums emerged out of precisely the combination of scientific specialty and fascination with spectacle To see something new and amazing is often to learn something new, but the experience is also about being excited, titillated or amazed (153). But he also charts darker terrain. For colonizing scientists, he notes, it was ethically acceptable to cage other creatures, even human creatures, as long as the knowledge thus gained could be codified or organized as part of the great encyclopedic project (154).He gauges too the sheer volume of death implicit in Darwinian natural selection and the horror of deep time, necessitated by new geological and fossil evidence, that demonstrated how insignificant human life and all of human civilization -seemed in the face of the timeline required for these incremental biological changes to occur (61). These are riveting pages. There is no question that Nichols has written a toppingly book, innovative in its merging of genres, richly veined with intellectual history, literary criticism, and a passionate vision for the future of environmentalism.I read it with great pleasure and wonder, and wrestled with the questions it presented for many days. Indeed, taken as a whole, the book resembles two metaphors Nichols draws from the history of science Darwins famous entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds interpret on the bushes, with various insects flitting about and all of its endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful (16) and wonder cabinets, a subject dear to my heart.In both the entangled bank and the curiosity cabinet, a sense of wonder leads to a deeper engagement with nature. Nichols best nature writing including chronicles of intense I-thou encounters with a bobcat and dolphins also resonate with wonder. Perhaps cultivating this sense of wonder is the Romantics greatest legacy for modern environmentalism, one that could help heal the divisions that imperil our world today.

Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) is commonly best known as the conceiver of the Kindergarten system. He was a German educationist who was brought up with a strong Christian religion, which was polar to his educationist idea. His love for nature besides weighs heavy on his thoughts and religion. He gained acknowledgment from his first major work in 1826 The Education of Human Nature, but became celebrated after in life when his kindergarten system gained recognition. His thoughts of kindergarten later took root in England, America and Australia and his work and thoughts subsequently work ond Karl Marx.Froebel believed in the uprightness in all things saying that an ageless jurisprudence pervades and governs all things. The footing of this all-controlling jurisprudence is an all-pervading, living, self witting and therefore ageless integrity. This integrity is God. He believed in the integrity of cognition and the interconnectedness of all things. Froebel was of the s entiment that there are defined phases of babyhood, childhood, boyhood and manhood. Stage two of childhood was what Froebel deemed the most of import because he felt that at this phase they begin to come to footings with the integrity of the existence and get down inquiring inquiries about life. His apprehension of childhood was such that to separately one boor has a godly kernel and is linked to the existence it is, so, with childhood that existent instruction begins. At this clip the head demands more attention and go to than does the organic structure Froebel believed in the kid as basically good. He say the lone infallible redress for antagonizing any defects and even evil is to get hold the originally good beginnings, the originally good side of the humana his belief of the built-in goodness of a kid relates to his thoughts that the kid should be encouraged to assist and machinate themselves in a certain regard. He thought that single human chances would come about f inished the work of the person. He believed that the intent of instruction is to get up and steer adult male as a witting, believing and comprehending being in such a manner that divine interior jurisprudence through his ain personal pick instruction must demo him the ways and significances of achieving that end. Froebels strong belief that kids are of course fanciful persons and through drama they baffle cognizant of their topographic point in the universe led to one of his cardinal component of his pedagogical system, which is that of drama. He felt that broadens their apprehension of the environment they make love in. Froebel thought that drama is the purest, most religious activity of adult male at this phase, and that play, so, is the highest guess of human development in childhood, for it entirely is the tolerant look of what is in the kid s psyche. Froebel placed this accent on drama in Kindergarten with the usage of gifts ( play stuffs ) and businesss ( activiti es ) . He believed that worlds are basically productive and originative and through prosecuting with the universe, understanding could blossom. He presented the kids with a series of geometrical gifts that were in a system of classs. A gift was given one at a clip and the kid was left to detect its belongingss and possibilities for design. Here, Froebels thought of integrity was put into pattern, as each plaything related to the following in some manner, which exemplifies the integrity of all objects and things in the universe. For illustration, the first gift is a ball. Froebel writes that we should be concerned merely with the ball itself in its simplest signifier and in its simplest dealingss. It may be free, or attached to a twine, and in each instance it can be moved either freely and indeterminately or vertically, horizontally, or sidelong, with mention to given surfaces. Here, as it were, it acts as a usher into the universe of things, following their lineations by its mot ions, and so stand foring themashould be considered in relation to the kid himself. In this manner, the kid is free to detect the elements of the ball and educate and learn for themselves merely by observation and interaction with the ball. Froebel thought that Every external object comes to adult male with the invitation to befall its nature and relationships the succeeding gift after the ball would be the Globe. Its has obvious similarities to the ball, but for a kid, it represents a new degree of apprehension, for illustration its weight meaning that it moves in a different manner to the ball. The Earth did non ostracize or replace the ball it reinforced the old gift of the ball. The kid would come on through phases of gifts and at the same time each phase of understanding. However Froebel was certain that merely the equal development of adult male at each predating phase can consequence and convey approximately equal development at each wining subsequently phase. He fina lly felt that a plaything is any thing which is related to the kid as agencies to a intent, and which, by making pleasant expectancy, calls forth drama in which he finds fresh and unremitting pleasance. The activities set for the kids in Kindergarten included games, vocals and narratives designed to help in centripetal and physical development and socialization. By playing, kids socialise and copy grownup societal and scotch activities as they are bit by bit led into the larger universe of group life. This relates to Froebels thought of whole kid instruction, where the kid is being educated all unit of ammunition as an person of society.Froebel believed that the teacher-student relationship should be one of equality, non authorization and felt that there should be a strong influence of the parent and siblings on the kid s educational acquisition and ripening. He believed that the kid should have a spiritual instruction every bit good. He states I would educate human existences who with their pess stand rooted in Gods Earth, in nature, whose custodies reach even into Eden and there lay eyes on the truth, in whose Black Marias are united both Earth and Eden, the varied life of Earth and naturea I have discussed Froebels thought of the importance of drama in kindergarten and in the development of the kid. I believe it is one of his most specific and most emphatic elements of his pedagogical system. However In stating that term from the inquiry, it raises a few jobs. precept normally refers to a learning system of a comprehensive program on how to educate, whereas Froebels teaching method would be non to hold one. He believed that the kid s environment made up the course of study for the instruction and the kids would learn themselves in certain ways and understand the environment and discover things for themselves. He said that aeach single scholar contributes to, and collaborates in, his or her ain acquisition. Through this job it is apparent that Froe bel had certain thoughts on childhood that began his theoretical thoughts on kindergarten, which subsequently developed more to the full into a kind of teaching method.In decision it is cause that Froebel was extremely interested in the cardinal figure of the kid and their single acquisition experience, similar to that of today s kid centred instruction. Froebel finally believed the indispensable concern of the school is non so much to learn and to pass on a assortment and multiplicity of things, as it is to give prominence to the ever-living integrity that is in all things Froebels kindergarten system and his thought of the nature of kids are rather glutinous in such ways that he allows the kid to educate themselves in the scene of the kindergarten thought usage of his gifts and allows the kid a certain freedom to question the natural universe and in bend develop their apprehension of the existence. He wanted to develop persons who were all rounded in their instruction and who had certain moralistic stances and who were in a manner, free minds. In decision, his overall apprehension and purpose of kindergarten was that Education in other words, should take adult male to a clear cognition of himself, to peace with nature, to integrity with God.

Prescription Drug Abuse

Introduction.When we hazard of medicine buggy and maltreatment we usually think of heap who take the parking area street drugs such as cocain, cleft, heroine, or opposite nonlegal drugs. However most people do nt recognize or take earnestly the turn figure of maltreaters of prescription medicine(prenominal) drug(prenominal) drugs presently in our state. There is a roughhewn misconception that still because a physician prescribes a certain drug that that is someway safer and distinct than utilizing the alleged street drugs. After all, you be being given a prescription to take the drug by your doctor, and it is non illegal or a offense. However, we moldiness recognize that dependence is nt limited to plainly illicit drugs on the street, but ofttimes doctor prescribed medicines as good. prescription medicine drugs nurse improved and relieve infinite Numberss of lives over the old times as many new discoveries catch been achieved in scientific discipline and medical specialty in handling a assortment of k instantern diseases. However, utilizing these drugs with emerge the supervising of a doctor or for intents different from their in passed usage can take to serious inauspicious set up, including decease from dose and physical dependence. Because many prescription drugs atomic number 18 oft opiate based, when abuse, these drugs can be as habit-forming and unsafe as illegal drugs. 1 ) ( Pat Moore creation prescription Drug insult, 2009 ) .Harmonizing to ( M.D, Volkow, 2005 ) , manager at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2 ) an estimated 48 one thousand million people ( ages 12 and older ) , suck up used prescription drugs for non-medical understanding, which represents ab come come in 20 per centum of the U.S. population.Additionally, 3 ) in 2000, approximately 43 per centum of infirmary exigency admittances for drug overdoses ( about 500,000 people ) happened because of misused prescription drugs, and in 2006 entirely, 700, 000 exigency room visits were attributed to prescription drug overdoses. 4 ) ( Thibodeau, 2009 ) .This type of drug maltreatment is increasing at an dis maying rate because of their widespread handiness, including online pharmaceuticss which have made it much easier for anyone regardless of age to get drugs without a prescription. ( Prescription Drug Abuse Information Drug Rehab Programs, 2009 ) . 3 )One of the most common and primary methods of obtaining prescription drugs by daft is by physician shopping harmonizing to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) .5 ) This method refers to a individual who continually searches out different physicians to order the same medicines in order to feed their dependences. I think most of us either know or have know persons or even household members who have resorted to this type of behaviour in order to acquire prescription drugs for this intent.The most common types of drugs that are frequently abused are cardinal nervous body sedative s such as benzodiazepines or tranquillizers, often prescribed for anxiousness and kiping upsets, opioids and narcotics for cause to be perceived alleviation, and stimulations such as those given for attention shortage hyperactivity upset, ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy, and fleshiness. 6 ) ( Prescription Drug Abuse chart Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics NIDA, 2009 )For illustration, U.S. prescriptions for stimulations ( including those taken for ADHD ) increased from around 5 million in 1991 to about 35 million in 2007. Prescriptions for opioid analgesics such as oxyco done ( OxyContin ) and hydrocodone ( Vicodin ) increased from 40 million in 1991 to 180 million in 2007. 7 ) ( Mayo Clinic, 2008 ) .I feel the grounds for this important addition in prescription drug maltreatment is simple. We live in a society directly that tells you a pill can film around and work out all of your meditates no affair what they are. All we have to make is turn on the telecasting and see the changeless onslaught of advertizements for the latest prescription drugs on the market. As a consequence, the pharmaceutical industry is doing one million millions of dollars off of people and is surely non traveling to kick, therefore support and driving the epidemic even more. Furthermore, these drugs are comparatively easy to obtain and are socially acceptable by the huge bulk of the public compared to illegal drugs.In merely the past several old ages, we have seen the outgrowth and proliferation of many pain clinics through and throughout the unite States. Although non all are bad, some of these installations as declared by 8 ) ( Silverman & A Brown, MD, 2009 ) , are frequently non-physician owned and run merely inside the jurisprudence. The doctors who expression in these installations are seldom licenced through board enfranchisement processes, and many take no insurance and publicize confidential, hard currency merely services. Some even advertise build up guards in the waiting suites. With no inadvertence, these installations serve as a beginning for a uninterrupted supply of controlled substances to frequently times addicted and sometimes naAA?ve people. It is non whimsical to happen patients of these installations having 10s of 1000s of mgs of opioid medicines each month.With these types of plans and clinics runing and promoting such drug maltreatment, I feel that the people who truly necessitate these medicines are frequently the 1s who scram, such as persons with painful storage diseases and unwellnesss like cancerous neoplastic disease. I experienced this first-hand with my mother several old ages ago when she was diagnosed with terminal lung malignant neoplastic disease that had metastasized to her castanetss, and impotently watched her suffer from hurting. While she was undergoing radiation interventions at a malignant neoplastic disease clinic, her physician at that place stated that she should utilize Advil to assist with her hurting and that the authorities was checking down on agenda drugs that were prescribed. My response to this is, if malignant neoplastic disease patients ca nt acquire the requisite hurting medicines they urgently need, yet nuts can acquire all they want, so there is something really incorrect with this state we live in and our wellness attention system.Decision.What is of import to acknowledge and go cognizant of about prescription drug maltreatment is that it is much the same as other signifiers of illegal drug maltreatment such as cocain or diacetylmorphine, and no 1 is immune. It can be merely as unsafe and lifelessly as other illicit drugs, and affects persons of all ages, races, gender, and socio-economic backgrounds. It can in like manner destruct households, occupations, and places every bit good as holding fatal wellness effects. In fact, usage of prescription drugs now causes more deceases than diacetylmorphine and cocain combined, harmonizing to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administrati on. 9 ) ( Treatment Solutions Ne cardinalrk, 2009 ) .Furthermore, with the recent tragic and ill-timed deceases of famous persons such as Michael Jackson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Heath journal related to prescription drug maltreatment, I feel this job is eventually being brought to the brainiac and exposed, conveying a much needed consciousness to the dangers and effects of mistreating prescription drugs.Mentions1 ) Pat Moore creation Prescription Drug Abuse. ( n.d. ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext commute protocol //www.patmoorefoundation.com/prescription-drug-abuse2 M.D, Volkow, N. ( 2005 ) . NIDA Research Report Series Prescription Drugs ill-usage and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription.html3 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Information Drug Rehab Programs. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.prescription-drug-abuse.org/4 ) Thibodeau, D. ( 2009, October 20 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment now tops illegal drug usage GoDanRiver. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www2.godanriver.com/gdr/news/local/danville_news/article/prescription_drug_abuse_now_tops_illegal_drug_use/14771/5 ) Drug Addiction Doctor shop Chronic Pain Medication Addiction. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.drug- colony.com/doctor_shopping.htm6 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Chart Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics NIDA. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/PrescripDrugsChart.html7 ) Mayo Clinic. ( 2008 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment MSN Health & A Fitness Addiction bar Smoking. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //wellness.msn.com/health-topics/addiction/articlepage.aspx? cp-documentid=1002119948 ) Silverman, MD, S. M. , & A Brown, MD, L. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Dr ug Abuse In the US and Florida. Retrieved December 7, 2009, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.hgexperts.com/article.asp? id=66499 ) Treatment Solutions Network. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.treatmentsolutionsnetwork.com/prescription-drug-abuse.htmlPrescription Drug AbuseThe audience I will be addressing is parents, caregivers and school educators about the dangers of prescription drugs and how we can wear out rise teenagers and fresh adults on the dangers of abusing them. There are many ways that we can teach and educate our teenagers and young adults, but its important that families, schools and communities are involved. The rate of prescription drug overdose among teenagers and young adults have sky rocketed over the past several years. This has become a growing epidemic and if we dont step in and do something, this problem will only get worse.No parent or caregiver ever wants to lose a c hild and it can be especial harder knowing that you could have serveed prevent it. Some people interpret its the schools job to education this subject and others say that education starts at home. Where can our parents/caregivers get the information they need to help better understand the problem itself and to help safe guard their children? Who would be the outmatch influence to talk to our teens and young adults? In my essay I will ex filmy why its so important that schools and parents/caregivers need to both educate and talk to our young adults and teens. 205) Kara Gordon Prescription Drug Abuse among Teens and Young Adults Prescription drug misuse and overdose among teens and young adults is one of the fastest growing health epidemics in the United States. While there has been a marked decrease in the use of some illegal drugs like cocaine, data from the National watch on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) show that nearly one-third of people aged 12 and over whom used drugs for th e first time began by using a prescription drug non-medically.The amount of controlled substances dispensed and used non medically is scary considering that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that opioid drugs, including oxycodone and hydrocodone, caused more than 15,500 overdose deaths in 2010 and that number is increasing. Parents/caregivers and educators need to action and educate our children before its too late. Informing teens and young adults about the dangers of taking prescription drugs that dont belong to them could save their lives.Teens and young adults have chosen prescription drugs as their drug of choice because it is less expensive as illegal drugs like cocaine or marijuana, and more easily accessible. All they need to do is walk into their own bathroom and look into the medicine cabinet. Its sitting in plain sight for the taking. They dont realize the danger of taking prescription drugs that were not prescribed to them. They think because it was prescribed by a doctor that it moldiness be safe.Teens and young adults also feel that, Parents dont care as much if they get caught using prescription drugs, without a doctors prescription, than they do if they get caught using illegal drugs (PR Newswire 4/23/13) like cocaine or marijuana. The most commonly known and used prescription pills that teens and young adults abuse are Vicodin, Oxycontin, Adderall, and Ritalin. There are also designer drugs such as K2, Spice and bath salts. These designer drugs can be extremely solemn because they havent been tested or approved and you are basically experimenting on your own body.When teens and young adults use these types of prescription drugs, most people think that they are looking to get high. This is not always the case. Teens abuse prescription drugs for a number of reasons, including to get high, to treat pain, or because they think it will help them with school work. Boys and girls tend to abuse some types of prescription drugs for many different reasons. (Bethesda) Like, boys are more likely to abuse prescription stimulants to get high, while girls tend to abuse them to stay alert or to lose weight.Teens and young adults realize when they have taken to many pills until its too late. Some of the signs or symptoms they may poses are an altered mental state, confusion, slurred speech excited delirium or agitation, sweating and out of control. (Knudson) They may be unable to breathe on their own. If you notice any of these symptoms you should take them to the emergency room immediately. It is better to have them looked at by a physician than not at all. As parents and caregivers its your job to make sure that your prescription drugs are stored in their proper place at your home.Just like guns, they need to be locked up and out of reach of your loved ones. Therefore does not provide them the opportunity or nitty-gritty to get them. We also need to take the opportunity to clean out our medicine cabinets and safely dispose of unwanted drugs. (PR Newswire 2013) There are several ways that you can properly dispose of your prescriptions drugs and one way is to use practice of medicine disposal envelopes. This is a postage-paid envelope that allows people to mail their unwanted or unused prescriptions to a licensed, secure facility for safe destruction.Another way is through a National Drug Take Back Day. Communities will hold these take back days to provide a safe, convenient and secure means of drug disposal. This is usually run by law enforcement or municipal agencies. Education is also a key ingredient to help protecting our children from prescription drug abuse. Almost a decade ago schools were more focused on keeping students from misusing alcohol and illegal street drugs like ecstasy, heroin and cocaine that there was never a concern to even speak about prescription drugs.After a study held by the Centers of Disease Control in 2009, it showed that teens as early as eleven year s old were taking prescription medicine at was not prescribed to them. Prevention of adolescent drug use has never been more important and response to this alarming trend, Wake UP was formed as a community education campaign to rise awareness of the dangers of abusing prescription drugs and to prevent first time use by teens and young adults. (PR Newswire 2012) This program was created by The Pain Truth, a charitable organization that started two years ago as an effort to education our children to make better decisions when opportunities of prescription drug abuse are given. This campaign is provided to all schools and communities at no cost. Misuse and abuse of prescription drugs knows no boundaries and requires a comprehensive response that engages all elements and influencers of a teenagers life. This was stated by Paul Barsky, the head of Upper School at Francis Parker School. What better way to sum up this essay.There are thousands of teens and young adults out there abusing prescription drugs right now. It is our job as parents, caregivers, and educators to do everything in our power to teach our teens and young adults everything we can about the dangers of prescription drug abuse. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health function Administration, Office of Applied Studies in 2012 reported that among Indiana residents ages 12 to 17, 8. 2% used prescription pain medications for nonmedical purposes in the past year Indianas percentage was statistically similar to the nations 6. %. The Indiana College Substance Use Survey that was conducted in 2011 showed 11. 3% of Indiana College students used prescription medications not prescribed to them in the past year, with 6. 2% currently using and 3. 8% of Indiana college students misused their prescription medication in the past year, with 1. 4% of students account current misuse. That is why it is so important that we reach out to our children and communicate and education them as best we can. You never know that the next childs life that is saved could be our own. (1069)Prescription Drug AbuseIntroduction.When we think of drug nuts and maltreatment we usually think of people who take the common street drugs such as cocaine, cleft, heroine, or other illegal drugs. However most people do nt recognize or take earnestly the turning figure of maltreaters of prescription drugs presently in our state. There is a common misconception that merely because a physician prescribes a certain drug that that is someway safer and different than utilizing the alleged street drugs. After all, you are being given a prescription to take the drug by your doctor, and it is non illegal or a offense. However, we must recognize that dependence is nt limited to merely illicit drugs on the street, but frequently doctor prescribed medicines as good.Prescription drugs have improved and saved infinite Numberss of lives over the old ages as many new discoveries have been achieved in scientific discipline and medical spec ialty in handling a assortment of known diseases. However, utilizing these drugs without the supervising of a doctor or for intents different from their intended usage can take to serious inauspicious effects, including decease from overdose and physical dependence. Because many prescription drugs are frequently opiate based, when abused, these drugs can be as habit-forming and unsafe as illegal drugs. 1 ) ( Pat Moore Foundation Prescription Drug Abuse, 2009 ) .Harmonizing to ( M.D, Volkow, 2005 ) , manager at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2 ) an estimated 48 million people ( ages 12 and older ) , have used prescription drugs for non-medical grounds, which represents about 20 per centum of the U.S. population.Additionally, 3 ) in 2000, approximately 43 per centum of infirmary exigency admittances for drug overdoses ( about 500,000 people ) happened because of misused prescription drugs, and in 2006 entirely, 700,000 exigency room visits were attributed to prescription drug overdoses. 4 ) ( Thibodeau, 2009 ) .This type of drug maltreatment is increasing at an dismaying rate because of their widespread handiness, including online pharmaceuticss which have made it much easier for anyone regardless of age to get drugs without a prescription. ( Prescription Drug Abuse Information Drug Rehab Programs, 2009 ) . 3 )One of the most common and primary methods of obtaining prescription drugs by nuts is by physician shopping harmonizing to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) .5 ) This method refers to a individual who continually searches out different physicians to order the same medicines in order to feed their dependences. I think most of us either know or have known persons or even household members who have resorted to this type of behaviour in order to acquire prescription drugs for this intent.The most common types of drugs that are frequently abused are cardinal nervous system sedatives such as benzodiazepines or tranquillizers, often prescribed for anxiousness and kiping upsets, opioids and narcotics for hurting alleviation, and stimulations such as those given for attending shortage hyperactivity upset, ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy, and fleshiness. 6 ) ( Prescription Drug Abuse Chart Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics NIDA, 2009 )For illustration, U.S. prescriptions for stimulations ( including those taken for ADHD ) increased from around 5 million in 1991 to about 35 million in 2007. Prescriptions for opioid analgesics such as oxycodone ( OxyContin ) and hydrocodone ( Vicodin ) increased from 40 million in 1991 to 180 million in 2007. 7 ) ( Mayo Clinic, 2008 ) .I feel the grounds for this important addition in prescription drug maltreatment is simple. We live in a society today that tells you a pill can bring around and work out all of your jobs no affair what they are. All we have to make is turn on the telecasting and see the changeless barrage of advertizements for the latest prescription drugs on the market. As a consequen ce, the pharmaceutical industry is doing one million millions of dollars off of people and is surely non traveling to kick, therefore encouraging and driving the epidemic even more. Furthermore, these drugs are comparatively easy to obtain and are socially acceptable by the huge bulk of the public compared to illegal drugs.In merely the past several old ages, we have seen the outgrowth and proliferation of many pain clinics throughout the United States. Although non all are bad, some of these installations as stated by 8 ) ( Silverman & A Brown, MD, 2009 ) , are frequently non-physician owned and run merely inside the jurisprudence. The doctors who pattern in these installations are seldom accredited through board enfranchisement processes, and many take no insurance and publicize confidential, hard currency merely services. Some even advertise armed guards in the waiting suites. With no inadvertence, these installations serve as a beginning for a uninterrupted supply of controlled substances to frequently times addicted and sometimes naAA?ve people. It is non uncommon to happen patients of these installations having 10s of 1000s of mgs of opioid medicines each month.With these types of plans and clinics runing and promoting such drug maltreatment, I feel that the people who truly necessitate these medicines are frequently the 1s who suffer, such as persons with painful terminal diseases and unwellnesss like malignant neoplastic disease. I experienced this first-hand with my mother several old ages ago when she was diagnosed with terminal lung malignant neoplastic disease that had metastasized to her castanetss, and impotently watched her suffer from hurting. While she was undergoing radiation interventions at a malignant neoplastic disease clinic, her physician at that place stated that she should utilize Advil to assist with her hurting and that the authorities was checking down on agenda drugs that were prescribed. My response to this is, if malignant neop lastic disease patients ca nt acquire the necessary hurting medicines they urgently need, yet nuts can acquire all they want, so there is something really incorrect with this state we live in and our wellness attention system.Decision.What is of import to acknowledge and go cognizant of about prescription drug maltreatment is that it is much the same as other signifiers of illegal drug maltreatment such as cocaine or diacetylmorphine, and no 1 is immune. It can be merely as unsafe and lifelessly as other illicit drugs, and affects persons of all ages, races, gender, and socio-economic backgrounds. It can besides destruct households, occupations, and places every bit good as holding fatal wellness effects. In fact, usage of prescription drugs now causes more deceases than diacetylmorphine and cocaine combined, harmonizing to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. 9 ) ( Treatment Solutions Network, 2009 ) .Furthermore, with the recent tragic and ill-timed deceases of famous persons such as Michael Jackson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Heath Ledger related to prescription drug maltreatment, I feel this job is eventually being brought to the head and exposed, conveying a much needed consciousness to the dangers and effects of mistreating prescription drugs.Mentions1 ) Pat Moore Foundation Prescription Drug Abuse. ( n.d. ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.patmoorefoundation.com/prescription-drug-abuse2 M.D, Volkow, N. ( 2005 ) . NIDA Research Report Series Prescription Drugs Maltreatment and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription.html3 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Information Drug Rehab Programs. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.prescription-drug-abuse.org/4 ) Thibodeau, D. ( 2009, October 20 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment now tops illegal drug usage GoDanRiver. Retrieved December 7, 2 009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www2.godanriver.com/gdr/news/local/danville_news/article/prescription_drug_abuse_now_tops_illegal_drug_use/14771/5 ) Drug Addiction Doctor Shopping Chronic Pain Medication Addiction. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.drug-addiction.com/doctor_shopping.htm6 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Chart Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics NIDA. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/PrescripDrugsChart.html7 ) Mayo Clinic. ( 2008 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment MSN Health & A Fitness AddictionQuit Smoking. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol //health.msn.com/health-topics/addiction/articlepage.aspx? cp-documentid=1002119948 ) Silverman, MD, S. M. , & A Brown, MD, L. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse In the US and Florida. Retrieved December 7, 2009, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.hgexperts.com/article.asp? id=6 6499 ) Treatment Solutions Network. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.treatmentsolutionsnetwork.com/prescription-drug-abuse.html

Samsung Mobile

A PROJECT REPORT On Consumer Aw arness And Satisfaction Towards Samsung Submitted to Ujjal sandhu (Lect. Dept of Management) Submitted by Prem Kumar Masters of Business Administration (2nd semester) DR. I. T. crowd OF INSTITUTES Chandigarh-Patiala Highway, Jalalpur (Banur), Near Chandigarh Affiliated to Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. 2010-20 surety Certified that this project report Consumer Awareness And Satisfaction Towards Samsung. is the original work, Prem Kumar. , who carried out the project work under my care as a part of Assignment of Research methodological analysis. ______________________ Ms. Ujjal sandhu (Lect. Dept of Management) DECLARATION We hereby declare that the project entitled Consumer Awareness And Satisfaction Towards Samsung submitted for the Assignment of Research Methodology is our original work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associateship, fellowship or any new(prenominal) similar titles. Signature of the educatee _____________________ Prem Kumar Place Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Heartfelt thanks to the following people. A Few typewritten words of thanks can-not really express the sincerity of my gratitude.But I am still trying to put into words my gratefulness towards all who have helped & angstrom unit encouraged me in carrying out this project. I would desire to thank Prof. P P ARYA (Director, DR. IT. ) to give me guidelines and my worthy thanks to my teacher Ms. Ujjal sandhu (Lect. Dept of Management) for their valu commensurate contribution during the academic session and guidance in preparation of this project report. Finally, n constantly sotheless importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, my friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project. Name of Students, Prem KumarTable of Content Chapter Topic Page Num. 1 CERTIFICATE 2 2 DECLARATION 3 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4 4 defer OF CONTANT 5 5 LIST OF table 6 6 Chapter 1 Introduction 7 7 Chapter 2 Literature Review 12 8 Chapter 3 Research Methodology 13 9 Chapter 4 Result and discussions 16 10 Chapter 5 Finding and Conclusion 25 11 Reference 25 12 QUESTIONNAIRE 26 13 Appendix 27-28 contention of Table Chapter Topic Page Num. 4. 1 job 15 4. Do you have a ready phone 16 4. 3 Have you ever hear somewhat samsung 17 4. 4 which companies cell phone are you using 18 4. 5 In which industry the brand name Samsung is involve. 19 4. 6 what is tagline of Samsung 20 4. 7 what makes you to buy Samsung 21 4. 8 You prefer Samsung because of 22 4. 9 result you recommend Samsung to other 23 4. 10 acording to you which is turn up competitor of Samsung 24 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION * Consumer A consumer is an individual who purchase or has the capacity to purchasegoods and services offered for sale by marting institutions in tell apart to satisfysomebodyal or ousehold involve,wants or desires. According to a stat ement made by Mahatma Gandhi, consumer refers to the following, A consumer isthe most important visitor on our premises. He isnot dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an outsider to our concern. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us an opportunity to do so Soconsumerislikethebloodofourbusinessandalsoa satisfied node is a word of mouth advertisement of a product / services * Customer satisfaction Satisfaction is the persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting rom comparing a products perceived in relation to his or her expectations. In general, if surgical procedure of the products matches the expectations, the customer is said to be satisfied. Customer satisfaction, a business term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or slip by customer expectations. In a competitive marketplace where business complete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key d ifferentiator and increasingly has develop a key element of business strategy. If performance exceeds expectations, the customer is said to be highly satisfied or delighted.If the performance falls short of expectations, the customer is said to be dissatisfied. * INDUSTRY PROFILE In 1977Samsung Electronicslaunched the telecommunication Nedeucerk , and in 1983 it initiated its windingtelecommunications business with the hope that this would become the companys upcoming growth engine. In 1986, Samsung was able to release its first built-in car phone, the SC-100, but it was a failure due to the poor quality. In spite of unsuccessful result Ki Tae Lee, the then-head of the Wireless Development Team, decided to stay in the mobile business. He asked the company to buy tenMotorolamobile phones forbenchmarking.After 2 years of RampD Samsung developed its first mobile phone (or hand phone in Korea), the SH-100 in 1988. It was the first mobile phone to be designed and manufacture in Korea. But the perception of mobile devices was very low and although Samsung introduced new models every year, each model sold only one or two thousand units. Samsung Telecommunicationsis one of five business units withinSamsung Electronics belonging to theSamsung Group, and consists of the wandering Communications Division, Telecommunication Systems Division, Computer Division, MP3 Business Team, Mobile Solution Centre and Telecommunication RampD Centre.Telecommunication Business produces a full spectrum of products frommobilesand other mobile devices such asMP3players andlaptop computers to telecommunication network infrastructure. Headquarters is find inSuwonSouth Korea In 2007 Samsung Telecommunication Business reported over 40% growth and became the second largest mobile device manufacturer in the world. Its market share was 14% in Q4 2007, growing up form 11. 3% in Q4 2006. At the end of November 2011, Samsung sold more than 300 million mobile devices and set still in secondSAMSU NG In India Samsung Electronics commenced its operations in India in December 1995 and is today a leading provider of Consumer Electronics , IT and Telecom products in the Indian market. Samsung India is the regional Headquarters for Samsungs South West Asia operations, which provides employment to over 8,000 employees with around 6,000 employees being involved in RampD. In 2010, Samsung India achieved a sales disorder of US$3. 5 billion.Samsung began operations in India through its manufacturing complex located at Noida (UP), which today houses facilities for Colour Televisions (including 3D, LED and LCD Televisions), Mobile Phones, Refrigerators, lavation Machines and rupture Air Conditioners categories. Samsung Electronics commenced its operations in India in December 1995 and is today a leading provider of Consumer Electronics , IT and Telecom products in the Indian market. Samsung India is the Regional Headquarters for Samsungs South West Asia operations, which provides empl oyment to over 8,000 employees with around 6,000 employees being involved in RampD.In 2010, Samsung India achieved a sales turnover of US$3. 5 billion. Samsung began operations in India through its manufacturing complex located at Noida (UP), which today houses facilities for Colour Televisions (including 3D, LED and LCD Televisions), Mobile Phones, Refrigerators, Washing Machines and Split Air Conditioners categories. Samsung commenced operations of its second stateof-the-art manufacturing complex at Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu in November 2007. Today, the Sriperumbudur facility manufactures Colour televisions, Fully Automatic Front Loading Washing Machines, Refrigerators and Split Air Conditioners.Samsung India has two RampD Centres in India at Delhi and Bangalore . While the Delhi RampD Centre develops software solutions for hi-end televisions such as Plasma TVs, LCD TVs and Digital Media Products, the Bangalore RampD Centre works on major projects for Samsung Electronics in the a rea of telecom, wireless terminals and infrastructure, Networking, SoC (System on Chip) Digital Printing and other mul perioddia/digital media as well as application software. Samsung India is a market leader in product categories like LED TVs, LCD TVs, Slim TVs and Side by Side Refrigerators.While it is the second largest mobile handset brand in India, it leads in the smart phone incision in India. Samsung India has won several awards and recognitions for both its corporate initiatives as well as its product innovations in audio visual, home appliance, IT and telecom product categories. apart(predicate) from development of innovative technology, Samsung places great importance on acting as a responsible corporate citizen in the communities where it operates. Its CSR programs respond to the social and environmental needs and seek to give back to communities that support the company.In 2009, Samsung launched the companys Corporate Social Responsibility initiative Samsung Hope Proj ect with projects in the areas of education, culture, sports, social eudaemonia and community development. Each program under the Hope Project uniquely addresses the needs of individual communities while emphasizing on innovations for development of the community including education, technology, engineering science and IT technical training. Consumer research is the systematic collection and analysis of consumer information for the purpose of important decision making for marketing.Consumer research plays an important role in marketing process, helps in consumer measurement, market potential, sales forecast, each element like product mix, distribution mix, price, effectiveness of an advertisement campaign, consumer acceptance of a product. Infiercely competitive situation, it is extremely hypercritical for and organization to monitor the customer relationship on a regular basis. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS This chapter contain the review of literature releted to SAMSUNG handsets and customers satisfaction and awareness towards it. in that location are various tudies which have already been conducted on the customers satisfaction towards Raymond SAMSUNG handsets . the review studies focused on the SAMSUNG brands quality, brands perception and thinking of people towards it. 1 Marks (2006) lay out that inspite of increasing competition in the mobile phone sectors the SAMSUNG is still a brands that leads the market intems of customers satisfaction level. In this understand is also found that the customers using SAMSUNG handsets were more satisfied with its features from the customers using handsets of other companies. Martensen (2008) found that the Indian customers are having a hight level of awareness when it comes to SAMSUNG. The customers are awar about the taglines of the company and most the customers also observe the logo of the company while the customers of other companies were not aware about their company and the customers were also satisfied wi th SAMSUNG handsets. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOLOGY The research methodology percentage contains the objectives of the athletic field, ources of data, research design, tool for data collection and sampling techniques. Objectives of the study 1 . To let on the customers awareness level towards SAMSUNG handsets. 2 . To indetify the customers satisfaction level towards SAMSUNG handsets. 3 . To identify the different criteria considered by the customers while buying SAMSUNG handsets. 4 . To identify customers perception towards SAMSUNG as a brand. Sample size Our sample was 50 respondents. Sources of data The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data- The primary data was collection from the respondents from dr. t groups of institutes using questionnaire. Secondary data- The secondary data was peaceful from internet, books and magazines. Research design- A descriptive research has been conducted to study consumer awareness and satisfication towards SAMSUNG because it has ga thered the data that described events and then organized, tabulated, depicted and described the data obtained from consumers of SAMSUNG and other brands. We used descriptive statistics to describe the basic features of data of our study. They provided us simple summaries about the sample and the measures of our study.Descriptive statistics helped us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way. Sampling techniques- The sampling techniques used to collect data is convenience sampling. For this study, 50 respondents have been taken as a sample ana data is compile from them. One of the most common examples of convenience sampling is using student volunteers as subjects for the research. We use it when we are unble to access a wider population, for example due to time or cost constraints. Tool of data collection- The data has been collected through questionnaires using graphical techniques ofSPSS CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion Table4. 1 Profession? Option Response persona St udent 20 50% Business 10 25% Working 8 20% Other 2 5% version- From the higher up table we give over that 50% of respondents are students ,25% of respondents are business , 20% of respondents are working and remaining 5% are working. TABLE 4. 2 Do you have a mobile phone? Option Response Percentage Yes 39 97. 5% No 1 2. 5% Interpretation- From the above table we conclude that 97. 5%% of respondents have mobile and remaining 2. % have not mobile. TABLE 4. 3 Have you ever heard about samsung? Option Response Percentage Yes 40 100% No 0 0% Interpretation- From the above table we conclude that 100%% of respondents are heard about Samsung mobile and remaining 0% are not heare of it. TABLE 4. 4which companies cell phone are you using? Option Response Percentage Nokia 15 37. 5% LG 6 15% Samsung 13 32. 5% Motorola 4 10% Other 2 5% Interpretation- From the above table we conclude that 37. 5%% of respondents are using nokia phone , 15% are using lg mobile, 32. % are using Samsung mobile, 10% are using Motorola mobile and 5% are using others mobile TABLE 4. 5 In which industry the brand name Samsung is involve.? Option Response Percentage Automobile 2 5% Sports 0 0% Peteroleum 0 0% Telecommunication 38 95% Interpretation- From the above table we conclude that 5% of respondents were that Samsung in automobile and 95% of respodents were that Samsung mobile in telecommunication. TABLE 4. 6 what is tagline of samsung? Option Response Percentage I am the next 30 75% What the next 6 15% extend connect 4 10% Other O 0% Interpretation-From the above table we conclude that 75% of respondents aware about the tagline of Samsung mobile TABLE 4. 7 what makes you to buy samsung? Option Response Percentage Advertisement 30 60% On choice 6 12% Friedns opinion 5 10% Other 3 6% Interpretation- From the above table we conclude that 60% of respondents buy nokia by seeing advertisement , 12% influenced by on choice , 10% through their friends opinion and 6% because of other factors TAB LE 4. 8You prefer Samsung because of ? Option Response Percentage Feature 6 15% Price 3 7. 5% Brand name 20 50% Service 10 25%Other 1 2. 5% Interpretation- From the above table we conclude that 15% of respondents prefer Samsung because of its feature, 7. 5% because of its price, 50% because of its brand name, 25% because of its service and 2. 5% because of other factor TABLE 4. 9 will you recommend Samsung to ohter ? Option Response Percentage Yes 35 87% No 5 13% Interpretation- in the graph 87% respondes recommend Samsung is regard and 13% is not favor in Samsung. TABLE 4. 10 acording to you which is close competitor of samsung ? Option Response Percentage Nokia 30 75% Motorola 7 18% LG 3 7%Spice 0 0% Interpretation- IN graph 75% compitotrs are nokia than the Samsung. FINIDINGS- 1. Among the total of 40 respondents qwsin them 39 having mobile phon. 2. From the study undertaken majority of the respondents 100% were aware about Samsung. 3. Among the respondents 32. 5% were using Sam sung mobile phones. 4. Among the respondents 60% people buy Samsung because of their advertisement. 5. Among the respondents 50%people prefer Samsung because of its brands name coating We came to the conclusion that most of the customer of Samsung mobile were aware and satisfied with Samsung mobile car.Most of the respondent trust Samsung mobile as a brand and in future will recommend Samsung mobile to others also. In spite of having competition in the automobile industry Samsung mobile still stand above all and it has been able to maintain satisfaction level in its customers which in turns attracts others new customers also REFERENCES 1. http//www. samsung . com 2. https//www. scribd. com QUESTIONNAIRE TOWARDS SAMSUNG NAME- ADRESS- Q. 1. Do you use mobial phone ? 1. yes 2. No Q. 2 Have you ever heard about Samsung ? 1. yes 2. No Q. Which companies cell phone are you using ? 1. Samsung 2. Nokia 3. LG 4. Motorola Q. 4. In which industry the brand name Samsung is involved ? 1. Automo bile 2. Peteroleum 3. Sports 4. Telecommunication Q. 5 what is the tagline of Samsung ? 1. I am the next 2. What the next 3. stay connect 4. Other Q. 6 What makes you to buy Samsung ? 1. Advertisment 2. Friend opinion 3. Own choice 4. Other Q. 7 you prefer Samsung because of 1. Feature 2. Brand name 3. Price 4. Services 5. Other APENDIX Data view VARIABLE VIEW

Literature and Online College Newspaper

Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi is a graphic novel that depicts the life of a female coming to board during a time of war and violence in Iranian. The editor of The Ithacan, an online college newspaper, criticized this work of literature as being nothing much than an advanced comic track record and not too challenging. He argues that Persepolis and similar literary works do not encourage intellectual advancement and does not benefit college freshmen. Despite the more basic vocabulary, the side narratives, unique dialogues, and use of illustrations evoke understanding and compassion for not only the narrator, but also the underlying themes.Generally speaking, a novel or so Iranian politics and war is a topic that is hard for most young people to grasp or to find interesting because subjects such as these are very foreign to American ratifiers. Persepolis assists in making this topic more relatable. By using graphics to depict the characters expressions, settings and actions it is easier for the proofreader to connect. For example, on summon 53, Satrapi illustrates the many ways in which Iranian young people express their feelings about the violent atmosphere.They cope with this locating by spell to family, friends and God. In addition, the author shows the children creating games and a fantasy world that compares their lives to the lives of the tortured. An example of the effectiveness of the illustrations and narrative is shown on page 116. The frame depicts soldiers amidst bombs, gunshots and smoke with multiple soldiers lying on the ground, dead. Marjane, the narrator, is standing in the upper left corner appearing helpless. Marjane is then shown exiting the frame stating that the situation could have been avoided.This is a powerful message because it relates to the current situation in the Middle East where American soldiers and innocent civilians are killed everyday. The value of Satrapis use of dialogue to enrich the narrative is evident on page 19 7. In response to overhearing her collogues prejudiced comments, she angrily retorts I am Iranian and proud of it (197). This simple statement shows that proud of her nationality and will not tolerate negatively charged statements applied to it. On this page she then states her comprehension of her grandmothers advice. If she wasnt comfortable with herself, she would never be comfortable (197). This is indicative of her self-growth and acceptance of her ethnicity. lit comes in many forms and styles. These include novels, memoirs, plays, poetry and non-fiction. Graphic novels are just another medium in which authors can express their viewpoint and influence readers. angiotensin-converting enzyme type of literature is not better than another the vocabulary, sentence structure and degree of difficulty does not correlate to the books worth.What is more important is how it influences a reader and the thought process and intellectual stimulation that comes about. Therefore, Persepolis is more than an advanced comic book. It is an engaging, enlightening piece of literature that portrays a violent time plosive in the Middle East that can be universally applied to other situations in the world today. Works Cited Satrapi, Marjane. The Complete Persepolis. Illus. Marjan Satrapi. New York Pantheon Books, 2007. Print. Taking opening move Graphic novel reading selection furthers declined reading comprehension. The Ithacan 6 Mar. 2008 1. The Ithacan. Web. 29 Sept. 2010. .

Paranoia, it must’ve been Essay

High sh bothow is the time in our lives to begin exploring options and figure bug out who we be as individuals, and where we want to go. It is a pathway that guides us to whatever our future holds, but it is also full of commotion, which would transform the slightest bit of misunderstanding into arguments and violence. I phone a classmate of mine transferring school due to a fallacious rumor of him stealing. There was no proof just words from people who subscribe they believe it were him.Far too many bad things could happen in high school, and they could alter our experiences in negative ways. It wasnt farfetched to say I was a victim of such calamity. My experience at my current secondary school started off full of excitement. I participated in many different activities and make a great deal of friends, which made me love high school. But in that respect were many quarrels in school, which made life akin to the weather unpredictable, uncontrollable, and unfair. The specify mo ment of my sophomore year was a wide misunderstanding that left a deep scar behind.It was a frosty morning, sending chills down my anchor as I walked to school for basketball practice, become an ice cube along the way. When the coach dismissed us to my relief, someones phone was absentminded from the volleyball team which was next door. For privacy reasons I am going to give him the alias Joe. The news did not surprise me, but Joes friends precious to search me, and he went through all my belongings. The shock of someone thinking that I took his phone hit me like a bullet. It left me numb and speechless. spirit helpless like a mouse in a trap, I desperately needed someone to be on my side. The word fair unplowed on popping up in my mind, and it sparked an anger that had being building. I sought after the people who wanted to put the blame on me. I had no alibi of me not stealing the phone, but likewise they had no evidence of me stealing the phone either. While walking through t he halls, I entangle like the walls were following me, watching my every step. Everything was blurry. It felt like I hold back bemused control of who I am.My ears overheard my name and gossip about me in the halls, and that was when I lost it. My mind erupted and broke open like a broken dam every bit of emotion started flowing out. My eyes started to piddle but I tried my best to suppress the tears. The inevitable had happened I became the new laughingstock of the school. News spread faster than wild fire in an ancient forest. With rumors flooding in excess, my reputation had taken a hit. I was branded The Thief. This incident impacted me in ways beyond I would ever imagine. I did not make one jump shot at the subsequent practice.People were cautious around me. They kept their phone out of my sight and tried to avoid me in the halls it seemed like that even teachers seemed to treat me differently, although that mustve been my imagination. I felt sick I could not eat or sleep. E verything seemed to become more confounded. I had trouble looking people in the eye, and my heart raced every time someone mentioned the word phone. I would bout around to see whether they were talking about me. Paranoia, it mustve been. I avoided the volleyball team at all costs, and I did not talk to my close friends.It was harrowing to restrain my demons me while wearing a poker face, hoping others cannot see the pain. The week of the incident simply did not go well. Fortunately, after what had seemed like an eternity of torture, Joe last found his phone in his friends bag. However, he never apologized to me for blind accusation. I didnt really care The pain, and suffering was worth more than a simple sorry But everything went back to regular routine and school became exciting once more. Looking back, I really couldnt blame Joe he lost an iPhone 4S, the newest and most expensive phone at the time.It would be hypocritical of me to say that I would not be infuriated if I had lost my iPhone. High school is a pathway which we all must take. The views and experiences may be different but the concept remains the same. In the eye of a student there are very many negative and few positives about high school. The main point is staying out of troubles way and avoiding it at all cost, because one simple misunderstanding could cause you years of pain. People may also blame you for things you havent done, but the truth is life is easier when you have someone else to blame.

Hip-Hop’s Effect on African-American Feminists

Kelli Hickey Cheryl Hitosis English161 December 7, 2007 Hip-Hops Effect on African-American Feminists Annotated Bibliog bashhy Davis, Eisa. Sexism and the Art of Feminists Hip-Hop Maintenance. To be Real Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism. New York secure Books, 1995. 131-139. Davis points out that not all feminists are taking the concept of sexism so casually and also _ believes that rap lyrics are not the only cause for the degradation of black-market women. minacious _ _ men have precondition black women a place where they can gain public acceptance in outular _ _ culture. _DiPrima, Dominique. Women in Rap. Hotwire. May 1991 36. Salt-N-Pepa is introduced and this tells how they make a statement in hip-hop music _ through their lyrics. DiPrima dialog active the groups female empowerment that became_ _ present in their songs. _ Emerson, Rana. African-American Teenage Girls and the Construction of Black Womanhood in Mass Media and Popular Culture. 88. Emers on says the lyrics make racism calculate normal and acceptable. In contrast, black girls _ remain confident in themselves. They use popular culture to make their lives more meaningful _ _ and stub out themselves. Niesel, Jeff. Hip-Hop Matters Rewriting the Sexual Politics of Rap Music. Third Wave Agenda Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis U of Minneapolis P, 1997. 242-245. Niesel states rap music is exploitative, but it also plays a significant role in enforcing _ feminists principles. He says at that place are rappers out there who use their rap to advocate _ _ treating women fairly, and bring awareness of social problems. _ Pilgrim, Dr. David. Jezebel. July 2002. http//www. ferris. edu/ intelligence service/jimcrow/jezebel. Pilgrim says black women have always been viewed as sexually promiscuous.These views _ still carry on in pop culture today. He also talks about(predicate) how black women were viewed in the _ _ times of Foxy chocolate-brown and Lil Kim. _ Pough, Gwendolyn D. Love Feminism but Wheres My Hip-Hop? Colonize This Young Women of Color on straight offs Feminism. New York Seal Press, 2002. 91-92. Pough talks about the need for African-American men to exploit women in music due to _ women gave her courage as a issue women to use confrontations in her own life. Also, she _ _ talks about good verses bad work ethic among black women in music videos. Rose, Tricia. Tricia Rose on Hip-Hop. Interview with Princeton University. Program in the Study of Women and Gender. Dec. 1993. Rose talks about the bad effect of young women listening to degrading lyrics and believing _ them. Additionally, she says that when a woman makes a justifiable critique, men make it _ _ seem like some sort of PMS attack. _ Valenti, Jessica. Full Frontal Feminism. New York Seal Press, 2007. 10. Valenti talks about the third wave feminist movement and how it uses personal narratives, _ unlike prior waves of feminism. _

Administrative Reform in Bd

pic ASSIGNMENT ON ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM SUBMITTED TO SHAMIMA AKHTER pic (JKKNIU) SUBMITTED BY SAIFUDDIN AHAMMED MONNNA Dept. of frequent Administration and establishment (JKKNIU) Roll no-11123144, Session-2010-2011 Course code PA-122 1th clutch pedal (1st year) 2nd Semester B. S. S. Honours Submission date-01. 22. 2012 Table of Contents Serial no Subject Pages 1 twitch 2 2 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 31 3 Brief Review of Administrative mends in Bangladesh 6 4 major(ip) Issues of Administrative tidy up in Bangladesh 8 5 List of Major military commissions and commission for Administrative Reform 20 6 25 DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE quest 7 CONCLUSION 36 8 REFERENCES 37 ABSTRACT This assignment explores the interplay politics and administrative put right in Bangladesh by drawing almost perspectives from other developing countries. It covers the full point both in the beginning and after democratization of the country, hinging around th e withalts of 1991, and thus provides the opportunity for comparisons.It has sought to draw protrude the relative splendor of regimeal will (including the intentionions and authority) of brass sections, and to critic anyy assess their aptitude, the degree of co-operation they gained from well-bred gain actors, and to assess the relevance and rightness of inter guinea pig donor interjections. INTRODUCTION All countries strive to reform their administrative establishment in reception to the challenge posed by socio scotch posed, semi governmental, and technical purlieu. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its offset as a nation- put forward, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative constitution. However, despite their perceived enormousness, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered skilful hurdling over the eventually thirty eld.Since 1971 after a cultured war 17 reforms fill been interpreted from which some reforms argon preci se crucial. The major administrative reforms and their fate atomic number 18 discussed elaborately in the by- note of hand BACKGROUND Bangladesh bears a compound legacy in its entire humans memorial tablet system. Present sidereal day Bangladesh was come out of the British Empire for almost ii hundred years. In 1947 Pakistani rulers replaced the British and dominated the world wherefore kn throw as East Pakistan until a bitter war in 1971 brought nigh an independent Bangladesh. A colonial imprint persists in Bangladesh peculiarly in governmental and administrative Arrangements .The British tradition helped the bureaucratism to be keep down an essential tool of arrangement. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time, it is accused of following the Pakistani tradition of fight in violence politics (Hague, 1995). The political system of Bangladesh has survived a series of transitions. A few years of democracy were followed by nearly fifteen years of military rule. In 1990, for the first time, Bangladesh achieved a full consumptioning popular complex body part. Ironically, the nature and section of bureaucracy in both the pre and post-democratic period remained almost the same except for an increase in enactment of ministries, divisions, departments and statutory bodies (Ahmed, 2002 323-26).The persona of organization has modifyd in the course of Bangladeshs maturation. After independence its focus was the attainment of learning in all spheres of life by intervention and the use of governing in a constructive way. establishment and judiciary were witnessn non merely as a regulator but as a facilitator. However, it rat be argued that development, when trusted as a multi-dimensional concept, cannot be win and sustained without advantageously governance. The bourn unassailable governance has Acquired tremendous importance in the mod world, especially in the context of the developing countries. For example, legion(predicate) developing c ountries ca-ca prep atomic number 18d .Essential particularor in implementing the plans and strategies to achieve the targets set forth by PRSP but good governance is a luck that most developing countries disadvantageously lack. Merilee S. Grindle points out that when determining their priorities and taking steps to meet good governance, most developing countries go too far they chalk out a plan or strategy far beyond the bound capacity of the institutions charged with implementation responsibilities. Grindle suggests redefining Good Governance as Good Enough Governance, that is, a condition of minimally acceptable politics erformance and well-behaved purchase order engagement that does not significantly hinder economic and political development and that permits poverty decrease initiatives to go forward (Grindle, 2004 526). In Bangladesh, a second-generation development challenge is to achieve good overflowing governance. No matter how ofttimes a judicature tries, su ccess will not be attained if it lacks competent institutions to implement policies. Public administration is the key institution for edict implementation. If it is not forgeing well, so PRSP targets are unlikely to be met.The state has to seduce sure that its administrative apparatus is functioning well, so that it can innovate and implement solutions and that it can happen upon in that the miserable will not be excluded from the bring and benefits of development. From the beginning of the 1990s, the share of disposal has changed from an intervener to a referee instead of playing the game, its main duty is to make sure that a fair game is being played. This reinvented portion of the political sympathies necessitates redefining the piece of the bureaucracy. Bureaucracy can be considered as an frank system that interacts with or is affected by the environment in which it operates.Traditionally, this environment consisted of only the domestic economic, political and soc ial context indoors which the organization is located. Now, however, state-supported organizations are to a greater extent often faced with global threats and opportunities that affect their operations and perspectives (Welch and Wong, 2001 372-73). The mathematical process of a reality organization depends mostly on how the domestic political institution handles global pressures as well as how it interacts with the bureaucracy. In a country like Bangladesh, where global pressure is eminent and the domestic political institutions are ill constructiond, the colonial legacy places the bureaucracy in a difficult position.As globalization or market relaxation changes both the domestic context and the functioning of the bureaucracy, it is possiblebut not necessarily desirablethat the dickens primary state institutions, politics and bureaucracy, forge an alliance. All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its yield as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms swallow been taken from which some reforms are rattling crucial. The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the followingBrief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh Since the emergence of the country, a return of military commissions and delegations (for details, please see Annex-A) were constituted by various governments for administrative reform and reorganization to suit the needs of their respective form _or_ system of government declarations. The development partners as well as prepared several circulates toward that end. A follow-up of the major efforts is summarized below. The first political government in Bangladesh felt it necessary to rationalize and transform the provincial administrative system it had inherited into a subject area system which would be able to shoulder the responsibilities of a new born sovereign nation.Accordingly, the government constituted a charge kat oncen as the Administrative and helps Reorganization Committee. The commissioning reviewed the administrative system thoroughly and proposed a comprehensive structure to enable it to undertake increasing development responsibilities. The passs were not, however, use due to resistance from different quarters. The subsequent military government in 1976 constituted a commission called as the hold and redevelopments Commission for recommending measures for administrative reform. The recommendations of the Commission were partially implemented. The Commission recommended for the introduction of an open structure system in the secretariat administration and creation of 28 prison cells in the civil supporter. opus the cadre principle was implemented, in that respect was, in essence, a failure to introduce open structure system in the secretarial administration. The martial faithfulness government of General Ershad appointed a Committee for examining the organizational set up of the ministries/divisions, departments, directorates and other organizations. The Committee recommended reduction of the number of ministries/divisions, and of staff at the lower take aims of secretarial administration, reduction in the layers of the conclusiveness make and fixing the supervisory ratio, formalizing and regularizing recruitment processes, emphasizing the principle of chastity in promotional material, delegation of financial and administrative indicants down the hierarchy and providing training for officials. further major recommendations of the Committee were not implemented (Khan, 1991). Later, the martial law government appointed another committee, k at one timen as Committee for Administrative Reforms/Reorganization (CARR). The Committee recommended for renaming of Thanas as Upazilas (sub-districts), upgrading the Sub-divisions into districts and installation of elected topical anaesthetic governments at district, Upazilla and union take aims for the commute of development functions to these elected local bodies. This time, the government implemented most of the recommendations of the Committee. It upgraded Thanas into Upazilas and sub-divisions into districts. It introduced democratic governance though checked in scope at the Upazila level.In 1987, a Cabinet Sub-committee was formed to recommend polity measures for implementing recommendations of the Secretaries redundant Committee on the Structural Organization of the ripened helpings kitty-cat (SSP) and the Secretarial Committee relating to the business of unequal prospects of promotion of officers of different cadre serve wells. The Committee recommended the abolition o f the SSP and certain other measures to improve prospects of promotion of officers of various cadre helpings. The government accepted the recommendations of the Committee and abolished the SSP in 1989. In the same year, another committee was constituted to reexamine the administrative structure and the man tycoon position. The Committee found that 7000 officers and employees were surplus in 37 departments and offices.On the basis of its findings, the Committee recommended the abolition of 27 departments (Khan, 1991 USAID, 1989 Ali, 1993). During the tenure of the last government, an empirical piece of work was conducted and two committees were constituted to look into problems of public administration and recommend measures for reforms. The Public Administration Sector take apart was sponsored by the United Nations Development broadcast (UNDP) with a view to suggesting an open, transparent, accountable and serveance oriented administrative system to support parliamentary democra cy. The Four Secretaries Committee and Committee for Restructuring Ministries/Department were constituted by the government.The areas of investigation of these committees and study included secretarial administration and work procedures, ministry-department kin, ministry-corporation relationship, project cycle, organization and structure of government, decision making, accountability, tender-hearted resources development, financial management and corruption. Recommendations made by them were of multifarious nature corresponding to the nature of the problems. The present government constituted the Public Administration Reform Commission in 1997 with the mandate to recommend policies, programs and activities to improve the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency in public organizations and to enable them to fulfil the governments commitment to ensure socio-economic development and reach out its benefits to the people.The Commission made three types of rec ommendations, interim, short term and long term for administrative reforms in areas such as, defining of mission and functions of the public offices affirming professionalism in the civil service instruction execution proctoring and result oriented performance, canvas of government agencies delegation of powers to subordinate and field offices open and loose access to government documents and reports for the sake of transparency and accountability separation of judiciary from the administrator separation of audit from accounts simplification of outdated laws, rules, regulations and forms (GOB, 2000). The governing has implemented some of the interim recommendations of the commission. The cabinet in a modern meeting accepted in principle the other recommendations of the commission. Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh The importance and significance of various reform efforts can not be denied as these gull addressed to a large number of issues relating to public administration in Bangladesh. But it is believed that the following issues should be taken into stipulation while attempting for any comprehensive eform effort in the future. 1Role of Government The component part of government in foothold of dimension and nature of involvement in various activities has direct bearing on any reform effort. With respect to size and functional involvement, the Government of Bangladesh has assumed an all pervasive character. The lack of underground initiative, which is a historical phenomenon, as well as governments compulsions, especially just after the emergence of the country, provided the basis for the extended fibre and functions of the government. As a result, the role and functions of the government in Bangladesh has get under ones skin all encompassing from the centre to the grassroots level.Its traditional functions also termed as regulatory functions (maintenance of law and rate, collection of taxation and administration of justice) now constitute only a small segment, though their importance has not been trim back at all rather increased manifold, of the voluminous functions of public administration. But by the societyties of the last century, some major and qualitative changes have taken place both in the internal and extraneous environment of the country. The thrust for the reduced and limited role of the government is recognized nationally and internationally. In the economic sector, local private, and international and multinational initiatives are quite successful in various ventures while the government is found unsuccessful in managing and influencening public enterprises.On the other hand, a large number of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), national and international, are shouldering some service and development responsibilities and also demonstrating better performance in their own spheres (CDRB and DPC, 1995). All these realities are now considered as the reflection of the emancipation of i ndividual belief and rights-two lofty ideals of modern day democracy. Thus there are both objective and subjective reasons to review the role and functions of the government. 2Public insurance indemnity Commitments Public policy commitments generally reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the holds of the time. These commitments are made in a democratic law by the political parties both in power and aspiring to go to power. Public policy commitments are later translated into administrative actions.In Bangladesh, it has been observed that the public policy commitments made by the government are not pursued wholeheartedly. The institutional mechanisms, both internal and external, are also weak to monitor the translation of these into concrete administrative actions. Internal mechanisms include, administrative and political will of the government and effective administrative monitoring system. On the other hand, external mechanisms are specific parliamentary standing c ommittees and effective role of the political parties in parliament and constructive role of the press and media. Moreover, public policy commitments lack consensus especially of the immunity political parties.As a result, public policy commitments made by one government are, in many cases, scraped or set aside by the following government that comes to power. 3Neutral Governance before long soggy governance has become a common concern of politicians, administrators, academics and common people as both body are beneficiaries of it. Neutral governance is essential for the sustenance, growth and development of democratic polity. Modern day parliamentary democracies are based on multi society system. under(a) the system, a number of political parties with varying ideologies and agenda compete for assuming the state power or forming the government through the electoral process. semipolitical parties stay in power so long as they enjoy the support and confidence of the people.The public administrative system that symbolizes permanency and continuity has to function under and at the direction of different political parties at different points of time. Under the above reality, the administration must ensure neutral governance. The concept of neutral governance with respect to a developing country like Bangladesh could be viewed from the perspective of caution of rightfulness and Order/Enforcement Administration of and Access to Justice and Planning and Execution of Development Programs. 3. 1Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement Maintenance of law and order is essential for ensuring neutral governance. Broadly speaking, maintenance of law and order has two aspects that is to say maintenance of public peace, investigation and trial of criminal cases (GOP, 1960). The above involves both executive director and juridical functions. triplet elements are affect in it, the police, the magistracy and the judiciary (Ali, et. al. , 1983). The maintenance of pub lic peace does not cerebrate prevention and affirm of any special type of nuisance. This deals with general law and order situations that may even be disturbed by non-criminal activities. Though crime may be committed, the real nature of the compulsion here may be political or economic or communal. On the other hand, the investigation and trial of criminal cases may be described as prevention investigation and detection and prosecution of crime.It is believed that first of all crime should be prevented. If not prevented then the crime is committed. Once a crime is committed it must then be investigated and detected. The successful investigation leads to prosecution. Besides these, the police perform many other functions that have direct or indirect bearing on the maintenance of law and order/enforcement. Some of these are performance of processes of criminal courts, regulation of crowds and traffic and other duties to meet emergency situations. To ensure neutral governance wit h respect to the maintenance of law and order/enforcement, the police administration should enjoy freedom from encumbrance from any quarters.If interference are made Police administration can not function or discharge its duties and responsibilities without fear or favour. But in recent years, it has been alleged that the law enforcing agencies have been subjected to influences of various kinds to meet the political ends of the parties in power. Such practices seriously erode the confidence of the people and immediately violate the principle of neutral governance, above all, they encourage the police particularly at the lower echelons, to take advantage of such biased position of the authorities to convert the opportunity for unrestrained personal gains. And this is what has happened in Bangladesh. 3. 2Administration of and Access to Justice-Rule of LawAdministration and access to justice is a primary requirement for establishing the rule of law in the country. Again, the rule of law must be considered as an important dimension for sustainable democracy, accountable administration and equitable development. In the area of administration of justice in Bangladesh, the judicial system is subjected to some fundamental and procedural problems. Although there is essential provision for the separation of judiciary from the executive, concrete steps are yet be taken to separate the two especially at the lower level. It has been reported that now a bill proposing the separation of the judiciary and the executive is pending in the parliament for enactment.The combination of the executive/police and authority of criminal justice in the hands of the executive government was the innovation of the colonial power and it was specifically designed to meet the colonial purposes. However, non-action to separate the judiciary from administration helped accentuate bureaucratic authoritarianism and interference in the judicial process especially at the lower levels. Moreover, ce rtain constitutional provisions require collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs and the autocratic Court in the area of personnel management of the judges. Interference of the executive branch in the personnel management of the judiciary hampers judicial independence. In Bangladesh, successive governments meddled with the personal matters of the judiciary to serve their constringe political ends.This state of affairs has seriously eroded the confidence of the people in the impartiality of the judicial process. Access to justice is another consideration for establishing rule of law in the country. Easy and timely access to judicial redress is essential for modification or arresting the high handedness of the executive organ of the government. Repressive and sweeping laws also limit the private citizens access to the judiciary. Moreover, the structural and institutional inefficiency of the judicial system has created manifold problems which fails to check the excesses of the executive ramification and the bureaucratic authority and to safeguard the civil rights of the people at large. 3. Planning and Execution of Development Program Another dimension of the concept of neutral governance is the neutral or impartial planning and pattern of development programs. In developing countries like Bangladesh, initiatives for balanced development of the different parts of the country should come from the government. Moreover, for obvious reasons, the government has to shoulder the major responsibility with respect to economic and social sector development. But it has been observed that, in many cases, development programs are undertaken and executed to serve the narrow party provoke of the political party in power at the expense of the national interest.The other phenomenon that is very much in existence in Bangladesh is that the people who are associated with the ruling party are awarded with various contracts relating to th e functioning of the development programs. Such practices breed corruption and the quality of the execution of the development programs also draws. Sometimes, a link is essential betwixt the political parties, government executing agencies and the implementers/contractors that results in waste and unnecessary cost escalation of development projects. But the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of the development programs suggests that national, not narrow party and or other interests, should come into prominence in the planning and execution of the development programs.The current policy bias should not pervade the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of specific development plans and projects. It is natural that different political parties will have different policies and programs but this does not mean that their implementation should any way suffer from any partisan application. .4. Provider of operate Governm ents role has changed with the passage of time. In the beginning, the basic purpose was to maintain the steady state. As such, the role was basically regulatory in nature. The concentration was on revenue collection, maintenance of law and order and administration of justice. The administrative system that Bangladesh inherited from the British in 1947 was developed for assuming the above stated roles. because the government for the first time was called upon to shoulder new responsibilities in addition to its earlier role in traditional/regulatory administration. In the sphere of traditional administration, the emphasis was on maintaining steady state so that the nation can strive for better life both at the individual citizens level and also at the national level (Hussain, 1986). With the changed scenario, a new dimension was added to the role of the government, i. e. , development administration. The presumption of this new role was necessitated with the rising expectations of th e people. Government at this stage, in the absence of any other choice choice, had to intervene in different sectors (broadly, economic and service) of the national life to ensure all round national development.The situation in 1947 was such that there was virtually no private sector and entrepreneurial capacity of the private citizens was almost non-existent. Under compulsion, the government had to intervene in all sectors. This phenomenon continued through out the Pakistani period. Another point should be noted here that during this period whatever capacity developed in the private sector was confined mostly to the erstwhile West Pakistani (now Pakistani) nationals (Ahmed, 1980 Jahan, 1977) After the emergence of Bangladesh the situation was even worse. The institutional business enterprises and industries were mostly owned by the Pakistanis and these were left easy by them. The government had no choice but to nationalize those.On the other hand, government of the time also opted for a mixed economy. Consequently, the governments roles and functions increased manifold. Besides, this period also witnessed the creation of a number of public enterprises especially in the economic sector (Sobhan and Ahmed (1980). In the service sector the governments role and functions also increased considerably. The government ultimately became the main provider of services to the people. After the change of government in 1975, Governments policies regarding its role underwent fundamental changes. Emphasis was put on the development of private initiatives in all sectors of national life.In the economic sector, thrust was granted for the development of private entrepreneurial class (Ahmed, 1980). At the same time, the government went for the denationalization of different state owned enterprises. This period also saw the rise of a large number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). These organizations started to take active part in development and service sectors especiall y at the grassroots level. In spite of all these developments, the government in Bangladesh still remains the primary providers of services in all sectors. The all encompassing role of the government resulted in mismanagement and overburdening of the administrative system.Now the time has come to redefine and delimit the role of the government as provider of services and also to look for alternative strategies for providing these to suit the demand of time. 5Civil function An efficient and effective role of civil service in a developing democratic polity is of vital importance. The efficiency of public servants is a sine qua non for managing the affairs of the state. On the other hand, the involvement of the public servants must not transcend the boundary of the democratic framework. However, bureaucratic efficiency depends on conducive political and bureaucratic environment and husbandry suiting the needs of the hour existence of the democratic values in the administrative system and existence of mechanisms to have checks on bureaucratic excesses. 5. 1Bureaucratic NormsIn multi-party democracy, public servants have to perform functions, such as, to inform the ministers and parliament with complete and accurate data presented objectively and in time to nominate ministers by analysis of data and appraisal of options in which they can have confidence to implement ministerial decisions and to administer resultant decision and to be responsible to minister and parliament for their actions (or inaction) with particular reference to the safeguarding of public funds and ensuring effective value for money (Stowes, 1992). With respect to the bureaucratic norms of the civil service in Bangladesh work through reveals that these are adhered to a very limited scale. A number of socio-economic and political factors, including historical peculiarities have keep the growth of accountable structure of administration in Bangladesh. As a result, the high office assurance, unethical behaviour, gross inefficiency, failure to respect legislative intent and failure to show initiatives have become apparent in the civil service of Bangladesh (Hussain and Sarker, 1995). 5. 2Decision Making ProcessEfficient decision making procedures are part of the professional and result-oriented administration. The organization and structure of the government and public service and administrative culture have bearing on the decision making system. In Bangladesh, the Rules of Business outline the basic provisions relating to the scattering of responsibilities among different units of government. Under the existing arrangement of the governmental administration, the ministry is responsible for formulating policies. The directorates/departments/statutory bodies and field offices implement policies. In fact, the existing arrangement implies a policy formulation-implementation dichotomy.Interestingly, such a dichotomy has a corresponding relationship to the structural arrange ment of the system, resulting in the conflicting relationship in the midst of generalists and specialists. There is also muddiness about the nature of decisions. It is difficult to draw a demarcation line amongst the policy decisions and the operational decisions. This confusion complicates the disposal of cases. This, along with centralized tendency in administration causes delay in decision making. territorial infringement, buck passing, distortion of priorities, employee disorientation and misallocation of resources are many of the factors responsible for such a state of affairs (Huda and Rahman, 1989). The other important aspect that may be noted here is that the discourse on decision making is confined only to the bureaucratic structure.For instance, there is no indication in the Rules of Business regarding the role of parliament members in decision making particularly at various administrative levels, without violating the separation of power policy. 5. 3Corruption Corrupt ion has been and continues to be an unfortunate integral part of administrative culture in Bangladesh. But in recent times, it has taken an all pervasive form. A recent donor sponsored study reflecting on the hurtful effect of bribery, corruption, kickbacks and under the table presentments for various administrative decisions and actions noted that the per capita income in corruption free Bangladesh could have nearly doubled to US$ 700 (currently it is estimated to be US$350) (Transparency International, Bangladesh, 2000).Government officials especially, involved in development projects, service delivery, enforcement and regulatory agencies at all levels are reported to be colluding with private bidders and contractors and service seekers and consequently amassing long illegal incomes in the bargain. The reasons for such corruption can be summed up Firstly, because of institutional weaknesses, civil servants involved in corrupt practices, in most of the cases, are not taken to ta sk and they indulge in corruption with impunity. Moreover, even if found guilty, they have never been adequately punished nor compelled to return to the state their filthy wealth.Secondly, for quick service delivery, citizens in general, now do not mind to pay bribes and kickbacks. Thirdly, there is now social acceptance of corruption. Fourthly, barring occasional public procurements, the representatives of the people, i. e. politicians especially those who are in power, are not very enthusiastic to take effective measures to curb corrupt practices in public dealings. Rather in many cases, it is alleged that they have become party to various dubious deals. 6. Administrative Accountability Government policy decisions are implemented through bureaucratic mechanisms as such, administrative accountability is essential for good government.In developing polity, there is a tendency on the part of the public bureaucracy to exercise power in an authoritarian manner. Bangladesh bureaucracy i s also no exception to that. Authoritarian organization culture still persists. Democratic values are still lacking in the bureaucracy. This is due to the colonial legacy that the administration inherited and lack of experience of the bureaucratic system to function under broader democratic political environment. There is a marked lack of clarity and in deed there is an imbalance between the role of bureaucracy and the role of public representatives and political leaders in the policy making and boilersuit governance system.No systematic measures have been taken so far to streamline the institutional integrating of popular interests and technical expertise at all levels of government. As a result, efficiency and accountability suffer under democratic political leadership. The arrogance of high office, unethical behaviour, failure to respect legislative intent and apathy towards work have been rampant (UNDP, 1993). However, elaborate measures should be undertaken to curtail bureaucr atic excess. Its role should not go beyond the limits that may thwart democratic ideals and practices. Some of the measures could be through the effective roles of the parliament, media and the civil society. . 1Role of Parliament Bangladesh has again gone back to the parliamentary form of government after amending the constitution (GOB, 1998). Under the present system, the executive branch is responsible to the parliament and that the peoples representatives must have sufficient voice in the design and formulation of public policy. In Bangladesh, the parliament is primarily concerned with enacting legislation and ratifying decisions that the executive has already taken. Thus, it is clearly observed that peoples representatives have no substantive role in policy formulation. The role of parliamentary committees is very significant in this regard.These statutory committees are expected to scrutinize various aspects of government actions. Moreover, they should function in such a manne r so as to ensure transparency of vital government businesses. However, in Bangladesh, the parliamentary committees so far have failed to play the vital role in making the administration accountable. Some important committees such as, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Estimates, Committee on Public Undertaking and other standing committees on various ministries are not performing well enough to ensure accountability of executive government. Committee meetings are not held regularly and ministers in many cases do not attend the meetings.More importantly, the decisions of the committees are not followed by actions. The other feature of Bangladesh politics is the inordinate reliance on exercising executive authority by care the parliament in the dark. In most cases, policy issues are not discussed in the parliament. This weakens parliaments authority to hold the executive accountable to it. Another interesting feature of Bangladesh politics is that the opposition political part ies oppose the ruling party for the sake of opposition only. Moreover, boycotting/non-participation in the sessions of the parliament has also become a regular practice of the opposition political parties.But to have healthy political environment and to hold the party in power responsible for the actions/inaction, opposition political parties should play a positive role both at heart and outback(a) the parliament. 6. 2Role of Media Role of media is very important in ensuring administrative accountability. Information about government actions are for the most part reported through the media both electronic and print. By ensuring free flow of information, the media also ensures transparency of administrative actions. Currently, the print media is enjoying considerable freedom in Bangladesh. They bring lapses and excesses of the executive to the notice of the public and thereby making them accountable.But exclusive government control over state run mass media like wireless and tele vision run contrary to the concept of free flow of information and transparency. Such exclusive control has negative bearing on ensuring administrative accountability. In Bangladesh, both radio and television are just owned and controlled by the government. As a result, these two media are acting as the spokesmen of the government or rather the party in power. Impartial information and views, in most of the cases, are not ordinarily broadcast. Moreover, views of the opposition political parties and separates do not receive proper and adequate attention of the state run radio and television.As we know, the role of media by facilitating the free flow of information of all government actions is very essential for ensuring executive and administrative accountability. The reforms which, according to the press reports, are on the anvil appear to mint short of expectations of the nation in as much as the government control on the state run electronic media remains virtually overlooked. 6. 3Role of Civil Society From a functional perspective, there is a general tendency to treat civil society as one of the three sections that constitute a nation the other two being the public sector or the government and the private sector or the profit-seeking enterprises.Very broadly, civil society can be defined as those organizations that exist between the level of the family and the state and enjoy a degree of autonomy from the state and the market, and provide a counter-balance to the power of the state and the market. Civil society may also be viewed as organized activities by groups or individuals either performing certain services or trying to influence and improve the society as a whole, but are not part of government or business (Jorgensen, 1996). In Bangladesh, civil society includes indigenous community groups, mass organizations, cooperatives, religious societies, trade unions, and professional bodies. Given the dynamics of the political process, it is indeed diffic ult to set a prescribed role for the civil society in Bangladesh. The role of civil society, in fact, depends on the nature of the demand and prevailing conditions of a polity.However, areas of involvement of the civil society in the context of Bangladesh are policy advocacy, mobilization of public opinion, demand creation, active participation in policy formulation process, bridging the gap between citizens and government, pressurizing the government with the help of the media, supporting the popular movement in favour of a given policy issue, lobbying with the donor groups/development partners, playing the role of mediator/ judge between citizens and government, and policy analysis, etc. Civil society, by its actions, performs as pressure group in the polity in attaining administrative accountability. In the true sense of the term, the civil society is only emerging in Bangladesh. In recent years, the civil society has made some limited but positive contributions towards ensuring executive and administrative accountability. But it has been observed that some groups of the civil society movement are politicized and divided on political lines. Though there has been a steady and random growth of the civil society organizations, there is virtually no active network of them to look after collective interests of the people.More concerted efforts are needed to organize and further develop the civil society institutions so that they can play an detach role in making the executive and the administration accountable to people. MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform S. n. Name of the Committee/Commission Focus Areas Major Recommendations Observation 1 Civil Administration issue Organizational set up for the Establishment of 20 Ministries, 3 other secretariat organizations andSecretariat administration was reorganized wit h 20 ministries. Committee, 1971 Government after the emergence of 7 constitutional bodies Constitutional bodies like Supreme Court, the High Court, the Public Bangladesh Detailed specification of functions of civil servants at the Service Commission, the Election Commission and the social function of the Division, District, Sub-division levels Comptroller and Auditor General were established Providing appropriate status and respect to the officers and staff of civil administration as lawful organs of the Government 2 Administrative and Services social organization Civil Service Structure Unified civil service structure with a continuous grading system The report of the Committee was not published Reorganization Committee, 1972 from top to the bottom. Division of all posts into two broad categories usable and Area Group Posts. Top 3 grades, i,e. I, II and III to be designated as Senior polity and Management Posts 3 home(a) succumb Commiss ion, 1972 conciliate Issues 10 scales of pay in line with the recommendation of the ASRC New national pay scale with 10 grades was introduced 4 Pay and Services Commission, 1977 Civil Service Structure and Pay Issues 52 scales of pay and equal initial scales of pay and equitable The New content Grades and Scales of Pay was introduces with 21 opportunities for advancement to the top for all scales of pay Introduction of Superior Policy Pool at the top of the civil service 28 services under 14 main cadres were created indoors the civil service Establishment of Civil Service Ministry by abolishing Establishment A Senior Services Pool was constituted Ministry 5 Martial Law Committee for Examining Reorganization and Rationalization of lessening in the number of ministries/divisions/directorates and fall of ministries were reduced from 36 to 19 Organizational Set up of Manpower in Public Sector Organizationssun-ordinate offices Number of other offices were reduc ed from 243 to 181 Ministries/Divisions/Directorates and Number of constitutional bodies were reduced from 12 to 9.Number of other organizations, 1982 decrement of layers for decision making officials and employees mostly working at the lower levels was reduced from 9,440 to 3,222 missionary work of administrative and financial powers down the hierarchy 6 Committee for Administrative Reform and Reorganization of plain stitch Level Up gradation of Thanas with Thana Parishads as the focal point of The new system of administration and local government was introduced Reorganization, 1982 Administration local administration in 460 Thanas (Thanas were later renamed as Upazilas) 7 bailiwick Pay Commission, 1984 Pay Issues New National Pay Scale with 20 grades The New National Scales of Pay was introduces with 20 scales of pay Secretaries Committee on Administrative forward motion Aspects Maintenance of status quo for 10 cadre services as promotion prospect D evelopment, 1985 had been satisfactory 8 Special Committee to Review the Structure Structure of Senior Services Pool (SSP)Continuation of SSP as a cadre Recommendations were referred to the Cabinet Sub-committee for of Senior Services Pool, 1985 Entry into the SSP only through examination to be conducted by the examination Public Service Commission Tenure of Secretaries be limited to 8 years 9 Cabinet Sub-committee, 1987 Review of SSP and Promotion Aspects Creation of 50% of posts of Deputy Secretaries within the pay scales Recommendations were referred to the Council Committee for Rules of Business of Taka 4200-5200 for making SSP more gentle examination.The recommendations of the Council Committee were not Tenure of Secretaries should not be limited approved by the President 10 1996Committee to Re-examine the necessityNecessity or otherwise of keeping of keeping certain Government authorisations in certain Government Offices the light of c hanged circumstances, 1989 11 National Pay Commission,1989 Pay Issues Revised National Scales of Pay 20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced 12 Administrative Reorganization Committee, Administrative structure and staffing Reduction of the number of ministries from 35 to 22 and the number ofThe report of the Committee was not made public 1993 patterns administrative organization from 257 to 224 Provisional structure for the Office of Ombudsman Creation of a Secretariat for the Supreme Court 12 National Pay Commission, Pay Issues Revised National Scales of Pay 20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced Structure and reorganization of manpower across Ministries/Departments/Directorates, etc. 13 Administrative Reorganization Committee, Administrative structure for improving 1996 the quality and standard of service, achieve transparency and efficiency 14 Public Administration Reform Commission, Determination of Mis sions and functions of the public offices Some of the interim recommendations have been implemented 1997 Formation of a professional policy making group Senior Management The recommendations of the Commission have been accepted by the Pool lateral entry into the civil service government in a recently held cabinet meeting Reduction of the number of ministries from 36 to 25 and the abolition of 6 organizations. Establishment of the Supreme Court Secretarial. Establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman The local councils/Parishads at the district, Upazila and Union should have overall authority of coordination of development activities .Establishment of an Independent Commission Against Corruption, Establishment of a Criminal Justice Commission Magnetization of public service benefits Establishment of a Public Administration Reform monitoring Commission DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING. Administr ative and service structure reorganization committee(ASRC)On 15 March 1972 a four members administrative and service reorganization committee (ASRC) was appointed and submitted its report in two phases in April 1973 and in whitethorn 1974. Mission of ASRC The ASRC was asked To consider the present structure of various service.. And charm the future structure keeping in the view fundamental needs. To consider the amalgamation of all civil services .. Into one integrate service. To determine the principle of integration of the personnel of various service in the new structure and to determine inter seniority of personnel in different service. To determine the future recruitment policy in the government service and various levels. To prepare and recommend a comprehensive scheme for administrative reorganization. evidentiary recommendation The ASRC have done some important recommendations. As like- The committee felt that division between former all Pakistan and other central superio r services and the former provincial service as well division between higher and lower classes be abolished and a continuous grading system from top to bottom should be substituted in each occupational group. The committee suggested that reservation of posts for various groups within the public service should be discontinued. All public servants, the ASRC recommended, should be organized in a atomic number 53 classes unified grading structure (UGS) covering the whole public service.To inculcate professionalism in the public service, the committee suggested, division of all posts within it into two broad categories to be designated as functional posts and area group posts. The ASRC called for designating posts in top three grades, i. e. I. II and III as senior policy and management posts and modify selection procedure for entrance into senior management positions. The committee also suggested a detail plan as to how its proposal for UGS be implemented throughout the public service. The ASRC felt that individuals should be recruited to various grads as in the public service on the basis of merit as tested by their performance in competitive public examination. The ASRC also made a number of specific recommendations to democratize the governance and reduce the powers.As like- Increasing devolution of power and authority to elected local governments at different levels district, Thana, and union was forcefully argued to enable locally elected officials to provide leadership in developmental activities without interference from central government officials placed in the field. Different local levels field tiers had to be rationalized with upgrading of subdivisions into districts and abolition of division. insularism of the judiciary from the executive had to be ensured for successful functioning of a democratic policy. At the central levels the role o the secretariat needed to be restricted to policy formulation, planning and evaluation of the executed plans and programs. specify of ASRCThe ASRC submitted its recommendations to the government in two phases. But there was no official response to the committees work till the end of the Mujib government. It is difficult to understand why far- reaching recommendations of ASRC was shelved in spite of the fact that accepting the members. All members including the chairman were close to Mujib both politically and personally. It is on record that Mujib was unhappy with the poor performance on lack of commitment of many senior civil servants. He knew the problems but did not want to go all the way to solve the malices. That created the paradox and consequently Mujibs lack of action.National pay commission(NPC) A nation pay commission (NPC-1) was appointed on 21July 1972 under the chairmanship of a retired repository to the government. Besides the chairman, there were nine members. The membership of the commission included full time and five part-time members. Mission The national pay commission (NPC-1) was assigned with a number of tasks. These included Reviewing the pay structure of all employees in the public sector keeping in view the governments policy of socialism. Recommending rationalization and standardization of pay scales of those who served under erstwhile central and provincial governments. Significant recommendationsThe guiding principles followed by NPC-1 in recommending a rational pay structure were a livable wage, social acceptability, functionally discriminable levels of responsibility matched with standardized pay levels and motivation based on patriotic grounds. The NPC-1 felt that a nine tiers administrative structure with corresponding pay scales could meet the requirements of a rational structure in Bangladesh during next five years 1973-1978 of the nine scales for would be normal direct entry tiers, three promotion tiers and two conversion ties but the commissions plan had to be modify to bring it in line with ASRC recommendation. Fate of NPC Some of the recommendations f the commission were partially implemented however, majority of the recommendations of the NPC-1 were not implemented. Reasons can be offered as to why the commissions recommendations suffered such a factCompression of 2200 scales into 10 scales was very difficult task and it proved to be at the implementation stage. No major segment within the civil service supported the recommendations. Rather almost everybody who mattered opposed it. Pay and service commission(P&SC) The pay and service commission (P&SC) was appointed on 20 February 1976 consisted of thirteen member including the chairman, headed by retired secretary who was changed in mid-way and replaced by another senior civil servant. Mission The P&SC was asked to examine the existing pay and service structure of public sector except defense service and universitys teaching posts, recommend equal service structure and pay structure including fringe benefits for civil service.In marking its recommendati on, the commission had to consider some factors such as Functional needs and requirements of the government, job requirement or various service and posts, cost of living, resources of the government and public sector enterprises, reduction of disparity between the highest and the lowest salary levels, demand and supply of various profession and occupation. It had another main business to examine both service and pay matters of all employees in the traditional public sector and this had to be accomplished within a given set of constraints. Fate of P&SC The government slowly and implemented some of the recommendations in modified form and it took two years. Creation of twenty eight services under fourteen main cadres within the civil service. The government in 1977 provided for twenty one scales of pay through the introduction of new national grades and scales of pay (NNGSP).In the process the government drastically scales down the number, that is fifty scales of pay which P&SC recomm ended but the NNGSP satisfied very few people. Constitution of senior service family (SSP) by the government. The (SSP) was imitate in light of the P&SC call for creation of a superior policy pool (SSP), but the SSP order was formulated and implemented in such a manner that the objective behind SSP was willfully ignored. Martial Law Committee -1(MLC-1) A five member martial law committee for examining organization set up of ministries /divisions , departments , directorates and other organization under them (MLC) was appointed on April 18,1982 under the chairmanship of a Brigadier .The other members of the committee were two lieutenant colonels, one major and one mid be civil servant. The latter was made secretary to the committee. Mission of MLC-1 The committees responsibility included To review and recommend charter of duties of various sectors, branches, wings, divisions and departments. To scrutinize existing and