Trace the roots of conflict in Syria. Which theory of international relations can be applied to understand this concept? Justify your answer.

Abstract Syria represents an interesting opportunity for International Relations because of the nature of the conflict representing two conflicting ideologies, namely realism and revolutionism. The need for intervention by the international community is clear, with peace negotiations consistently failing. This paper investigates the nature of the conflict as resulting from a complex set of socio-economic factors, compounded by authoritarian rule by the state. International relations can be used as a theoretical explanation to determine the role thereof in aiding the peaceful resolution of the conflict. Introduction The world currently appears to be in a constant state of conflict with ongoing wars worldwide, some garnering more media attention than others. John F. Kennedy was famously quoted as saying that â€Å"[t]here is another kind of war – new in its intensity, ancient in its origin – carried out by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents and assassins, †¦in which we try to achieve victory and eroding the enemy instead of challenging him. It leverages the discontent.† Syria is an example of this kind of war, where conflict began years ago, eventually transforming into a civil war. The opposition fought against the corrupted government army leading to large numbers of civilian casualties. Various theories of international relations (IR) are applicable to the conflict in order to understand the nature of the war between rebels and the national authoritarian system. This essay aims to apply IR theory to the Syrian conflict to gain a deeper understanding of the theoretica l aspects and the conflict respectively. The proposed theoretical application includes interventionism and the three traditions theory. The underlying cause of the conflict is a complex set of factors, including political repression, an uneven economy, corruption and a severe drought, and for the purposes of IR, certain countries have an interest in ensuring that the situation in Syria remains contained with support being given to both sides of the conflict. Through application of the theory to the totality of the conflict, the relevance thereof will be clear. History and Background of the Conflict The ruling political system in Syria began in the 1970’s with the Bashar family, who has historically ruled through pressure and extreme authoritarianism. The current leader, Bashar al-Assad acceded leadership in 2000 relying on armed oppression and intelligence apparatus provided by the Baath Party as well as leading business families (Manfreda, 2012). With the ruling government controlling the media and therefore controlling the information available, the opposition demanded the downfall of the ruling party and a new beginning for Syria contained in the Damascus Declaration of 2005 (Efrat, 2012). The conflict in Syria began in 2000 where there was a growing expectation of political and social change following the death of Hafez al-Assad. â€Å"The authorities’ monopoly of everything has established an authoritarian, totalitarian and cliquish regime that has led to a lack of politics in society, an economic collapse and exacerbating crises of every kind† (Efrat, 2012).The expectation of the people was that this authoritarian rule would end with Hafez’s death. However, ruling power remained concentrated in the Bashar family, compounding the already corrupt political repression of Syria. Living conditions continued to worsen and despite widespread objection to the state, many civilians accepted the regime for fear of further violent oppression. This social situation was exacerbated by a persistent drought, which all but destroyed the agricultural sector with particularly bad conditions in northern Syria. This in turn saw a significant reduction in the GDP of the country and widespread migration to cities away from rural industry (Efrat, 2012). With the deteriorating prevailing socio-economic conditions, civilians began using new media as a means of organizing themselves politically in order to have their opinions heard, demanding real reforms (Efrat, 2012). The combination of economic, political and natural resources factors in Syria is not favourable for a positive societal outcome. A risk assessment for the country is classified CC for Sovereign risk, currency risk, banking-sector risk, economic structure and D for political risk (EIU, 2012). With the rising intens ity of the civil war, more extensive international sanctions put pressure on public finances and sanctions on the Central Bank of Syria continue to depreciate the currency even further (EIU, 2012). Further economic decline is experienced through the reliance on oil exports which has led to a partial crash of financial markets, as the E.U has imposed an embargo on oil exports from Syria which has led to a resultant minimizing of oil production. Previously, Europe has purchased over 95% of the total oil exports in Syria and therefore this embargo has had a significantly negative effect on the economy. This has led to a decline in investment in the country as companies investing in oil exports in Syria face legal consequences (Blas, 2012). Stocks have seen massive decline in recent years with over half the value being lost this year along (Legget, et al., 2009). The conflict has seen several phases over the years and is constantly evolving. However, these changes have effectively seen a concentration of wealth in the ruling family, and their cronies and allies, effectively further disenfranchising the population. The situation has deteriorated to such an extent that ideological differences have resulted in a constant violence with no clear diplomatic solution which has led to an increased involvement by the international community. International Relations Arguably, there are a number of theoretical concerns in IR that are applicable to the conflict in Syria. These are applicable as a means of deepening the current understanding of the conflict, which may lead to the development of an equitable solution. As the world moves towards globalization, IR becomes more important and one can argue that these represent the need to have firm principles to regulate and balance competing interests between nations, as well as competing interests within a particular nation, such as Syria. IR however plays a broader global role in ensuring that relations between countries are kept at a diplomatic level for the greater good of all countries in the international community (Goldstein, 2007). The three traditions theory is of obvious relevance to the Syrian conflict because of the duality between realism and revolutionism in the conflict. Wight (1991) argues that all leading ideologies in IR fall within the three traditions of realism, rationalism or revolutionism. Realism includes ideologies such as anarchy, power politics, conflict, warfare and pessimism, whilst diametrically opposed to this is revolutionism which includes perspectives of humanity, revolutionary change, anti-state beliefs and utopianism. Rationalism falls between these two extremes and essentially for the purposes of IR, these theories are to an extent co-dependent as they are incomplete in isolation and are complimentary as traditions rather than exclusive (Dunne, 1993). Arguably therefore, there is a need for a balance of these traditions, and a society which is based on either extreme is one that will necessarily breed conflict. The three traditions theory sees application in the Syrian context, particularly when recalling the conflict of ideology between the ruling regime and the opposition. Realism as the dominant ideology of the Bashar regime is the disciplining factor in Syria with the opposition representing the revolutionary tradition. The state arguably represents an extreme realist perspective, with complete ignorance of the international community and the assertion that they exist as a sovereign state in isolation refusing to acknowledge accountability in the international community. Realists emphasize elements of anarchy, power politics and warfare (Wight, 1991), pessimistic of human nature and exploitative of the less powerful. This is a growing trend in the Syrian conflict, with an increasing disregard for the welfare of the people in Syria for financial advantage of the ruling family (Taylor, 2012). Opposition forces contradict the realist tradition by the propulsion of revolutionist ideology, s etting goals for the freedom and fulfillment of humans. Revolutionists argue that in order to do this, the class system needs to be overthrown with a classless society established (Marx, 1967). By abolishing a classless society, humans would again be united and there would be no need for states or international relations. To an extreme, revolutionist ideas see humankind at the center, claiming a world society inclusive of everyone. The existence of these two ideological extremes represents the greatest roadblock in the resolution of the Syrian conflict, which necessitates the need for international intervention, because of a lack of willingness to compromise between the state and the opposition. Again, this represents the applicability of the three traditions theory, as arguably the presence of the international community in the resolution of the conflict represents the rational tradition presence. This means that there will be a compromise between the controllers of the state resou rces, i.e. the state on the one hand, and domestic society on the other, as represented by the opposition. The consequence of a dominant realist ideology is that the state will not participate in IR unless it represents a substantial investment in state outcomes, essentially meaning that the Syrian government will not engage in treaties that are not specifically to their advantage. A shift in favour of the domestic population removing state power arguably is not in the interests of a realist ideology and therefore will not be respected for the purposes of IR. Syria can be described as a â€Å"weak post-colonial state†, categorized by a defective economy, a lack of coherent national economy and lack of sustaining basic levels of welfare and resources provided to the population (Saul, 1974). The Syrian people in rural areas have an extremely low standard of living, concentrated on traditional, yet defective agriculture and significant dependence on world markets and external economic interests. There is little state legitimacy as a result of inefficient and corrupt administration wit h a lack of concern for public opinion about the government and no significant efforts made to increase the perception of state legitimacy. Post-colonial states have often shown vulnerability towards violent conflicts as a result of corrupt state institutions, authoritarian rule and the use of natural resources as a means of funding the economy without engagement of the national population and as a result, spiraling socio-economic conditions with no clear agenda for improvement thereof. This has plagued developing nations globally and is referred to as the resource curse. The presence of IR in these conflicts essentially forms a middle ground for the establishment of legitimate state institutions in order to mediate the extremes of realist and revolutionist ideological differences. In addition to the three traditions theory, interventionism also adds depth to the conflict. Interactions with Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, France and Britain have arguably been aimed at the manipulation of the economy, society or affairs of another nature in Syria. With the civil war in Syria, both sides of the conflict have been receiving aid from external parties. Saudi Arabia for example supports the opposition with speculation that it is a means of breaking international relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Syria. In doing so, they are ensuring that the balance of power does not benefit Iran, using their oil wealth to arm the Syrian opposition, although not directly involving themselves in the conflict (Manfreda, 2012). On the other hand, the Syrian government benefits from a relationship with Russia, where the Russian government provides weapons in the name of national defense and security. Incidences in international affairs has seen Russia and China using their ve to power in the United Nations Security Council to prevent a resolution condemning the Syrian government for violent suppression of anti-government protests (Grand View, 2012). Despite aid being used as a form of international political leverage, Syria has also found itself at the centre of international relations for the purpose of maintaining some measure of international diplomacy and peace measures, where they have been forced into quasi-peace agreements. In 2005, France and USA pressured the Syrian army to withdraw troops from Lebanon. More recently the United Kingdom and the United States of America, amongst other Western states have been increasingly intervening in the civil war providing aid in the form of communications, logistics and advice. The expectation however is that the involvement in the conflict will develop into more active intervention, such as the United Kingdom asking Syrian rebels to â€Å"set out a vision for how a post-Assad Syria could be governed† (Blitz, 2012). Conclusion It is clear that interventionism exists as a form of IR with regards to Syria for two apparent reasons. The first is to gain some form of political advantage, although arguably this is a secondary concern as the situation becomes more severe. These countries are therefore intervening in the conflict through provision of aid as a means of gaining some form of international bargaining power to shape future international relations. The second concern, which arguably forms the basis of Western intervention is in the interests of the international community generally, namely the protection of peaceful relations in international affairs. Although the effectiveness of these measures remains to be seen, clearly there is no obvious solution to the conflict in Syria, and to the extent that the three traditions theory remains without a complimentary equilibrium and as a result IR is used to provide the diplomatic compromise between realism and revolutionism, it is arguable that without IR peace ful compromise will never be reached. Although it is not clear whether IR will provide an equitable solution to this conflict, it is evident that the opposition and state forces in Syria are unable to reach a solution internally and the only realistic solution therefore is reliant on IR theory to attempt to resolve the conflict in the absence of any other practical solution. Bibliography Blas, J.(2012). EU ban forces Syria to cut down oil production. [online] Available: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c9d67952-e823-11e0-9fc7-00144feab49a.html#axzz2CbUQfxlZ. [Accessed 3 November 2012] Blitz, J. (2012) UK asks Syrian rebels to set out vision. The Financial Times Online [online] Available: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b17d1b50-301f-11e2-891b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2DLXN4VjY [Accessed 5 November 2012] Dunne, T. (1993) Mythology or MethodologyTraditions in International Theory. Review of International Studies, Vol 19, pp. 305 – 318 Efrat, Y. (2012) The roots of the Syrian Uprising. [online] Available: http://www.challenge-mag.com/en/article296/the-roots-of-the-syrian-uprising.htm. [Accessed 2 November 2012] Goldstein, J. (2007) Core Principles of International Relations Theory. [online] Available: http://www.joshuagoldstein.com/jgcore.htm [Accessed 5 November 2012] Grand View (2012) The Reasons why Russia Supports Syria [online] Available: http://grandviewinkiev.com/the-reasons-why-russia-supports-syria [Accessed 5 November 2012] Leggett, K., Solomon, J. and King, N. (2006) On the Borderline: Threat of Wider Mideast War Grows; Israel Blames Iran, Syria for Backing Hezbollah as fighting escalates; Tough Choices for Washington. Wall Street Journal. Malas, n. (2012) Attach on Syrian Opposition Town Kills Score. Wall Street Journal Online [online] Manfreda, P. (2012) Current Situation in Syria. [online] Available: http://www.middleeast.about.com/od/syria/tp/current-situation-in-syria.htm. [Accessed 2 November 2012] Manfreda, P. (2012). Saudi Arabia and Syrian Uprising. [online] Available: http://www.middleeast.about.com/od/syria/a/Saudi-Arabia-and-syrian-uprising.htm. [Accessed 5 November 2012] Manfreda, P. (2012). Options for Intervention in Syria. [online] Available: http://middleeast.about.com/od/syria/tp/Options-for-intervention-in-syria.htm. [Accessed 4 November 2012] Marx, K. (1906) Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. I. The Process of Capitalist Production. Engels, F. & Untermann, E. (eds.), Moore, S. & Aveling, E. (trans.) Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co. Saul, J. (1974) The State of Post-Colonial Societies: Tanzania. The Socialist Register, Vol 11, pp 349 – 373 Taylor, A. (2005) Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad May Have $1.5 Billion In Assets Around The World. Business Insider [online] Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-may-have-15-billion-in-assets-around-the-world-2012-7#ixzz2DLSrvn31 [Accessed 5 November 2012] The Economic Intelligence Unit (2012) Syria: Country risk summary. New York: EIU Wight, M. (1991) International Theory: The Three Traditions. Leicester: Leicester University Press

Core Elements in Business Process Managment

Learner Log Book LLB Learner Log Book LLB |I. INSTRUCTIONS | The purpose of the Learner's Log Book (LLB) is to document the achievements of the learner in a central repository that will be considered as evidence on the effectiveness of the learning process. It is a ‘monitoring tool' that e-tutors use to report on individual learners' progress and it is a way of ensuring that learners: Are engaged in their learning process. They are experimenting by doing the tasks subscribed to them by the e-tutor.Avoid plagiarism because learners have to be engaged on a continuous basis and the informal assessment can therefore be used to ensure consistency with the main formal assessment. Provide e-Tutors with the opportunity to get to know the learners evaluate them and mentor them properly. There are templates which will reflect whether learners read, whether they understand, whether they assimilate the knowledge, whether they develop enquiry ability, whether they have the potential to con duct critical thinking and whether they can reflect on the knowledge accumulated by relating to real situations.The onus is mainly on learners to furnish the required information in the templates after each unit based on the Read and Analyze Activity. After filling the information in the template they need to e-mail it back to the e-Tutor. e-Tutor will then comments on the work done and the involvement that takes place and give overall impressions on the learners at the end of the module. |II. GENERAL INFORMATION | Learner Name: ID Number: Course Title: Business Process ManagementArticle Title: Rosemann and Brocke Date of Submission: 19 Oct 2011, 2pm Date of Received Feedback: ———————————————— |III. SUMMARY (100-200 words) | Provide a summary in your own words on the article you requested to read and analyze in the following space. The article introduces a brief overview o f the six core elements in business process management. Also, it states the reasons behind working hard to identify these core elements.A BPM framework that outlines the different elements of BPM is an essential guide for many purposes such as project and program management, vendor management, complexity management, standards management and strategy management. There is a need to identify the BPM framework because it can guide decision makers in all previously mentioned challenges. The BPM maturity models were used for the framework identification. However, Rosemann and de Bruin's BPM maturity model was selected as the base for identifying the core elements because of some reasons.One of these reasons is that the model was applied in a number of organizations where it proved to be of practical relevance in real life projects. Finally, the six core elements and their subcomponents were identified. The critical BPM elements are strategic alignment, governance, methods, information tec hnology, people and culture. BPM must be linked to the organizational strategy. It should establish clear responsibilities and guide decision making processes. BPM adapts a set of methods and IT solutions that supports activities along the process lifecycle like modeling, implementation, monitoring and improvement.People and culture as core elements include individuals as well as groups and their values and beliefs in regards to process-centered organization. |IV. CRITICAL ANALYSIS | This is the most important section in your analysis. To complete it successfully, the learner is to consider the following guiding steps: ? Present arguments coherently, supported by evidence and facts to substantiate on why you may take a particular stance and/ or position towards a particular approach whether against or in support of it; ?Where applicable, attempt to bridge the gap between the theory and conceptual work and the application under consideration. I believe that the identified BPM core el ements are an essential tool for the organization success. BPM elements established a clear guide for decision makers seeking organizational excellence. I strongly agree that the performance of individuals and groups and the business processes must be linked to the organizational strategic goals. Process measures are necessary for continuous identifying, measuring and developing of the actual business processes performance.Process measures may clarify the organizational goals and facilitate changes towards better customer satisfaction. Furthermore, I believe that having a clear definition of roles and responsibilities is an essential success factor. This definition clearly states the critical tasks, what is expected from employees and groups, how to meet the expectations and how to improve the business. Therefore, it provides a linkage of process performance with strategic goals. I agree that methods and IT solutions must be part of the core elements.They provide essential tools and techniques that facilitate redesigning of the business processes in order to achieve performance improvement. Finally, culture has a strong impact on the business and its performance because cultural beliefs and values set the negotiation and communication style. People attitudes and behaviors may improve business processes and may delay the improvement. It depends on their willingness to adapt new changes. |V. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS |How could you apply the subject matter from the article in a real business case? The core elements must be applied in all business cases to enable improvement in the operative efficiency. This can be done by strongly linking the organizational goals with business performance. All job descriptions and duties must be defined in accordance to the organizational mission and goals. Ensure that governance is applied by providing each employee with a clear and specific definition of the activities, tasks and processes.Employees will be aware of what's expec ted from them and how to meet the expectation by applying governance element. Apply methods and IT techniques to facilitate process modeling and analysis instead of using traditional methods. For example, oil and gas industries use HYSYS program to model the processing plant and simulate any future changes to study the change impact on the industry before implementing it in reality. This how IT implementation facilitates business processes. People whether individuals or groups play a vital role in organizational success.On-going training that aligns with the strategic goals must be provided to employees to enhance their skills and knowledge. Individuals must be encouraged to take responsibilities and be accountable for major tasks. This can be done by delegation of a major task of the leader to the employee where the employee will be responsible for delivering the desired outcomes. After delivering a major task in the desired results, the employee will gain confidence and willingnes s to lead in future jobs.People within one organization must adapt similar values and beliefs and must be linked to each other. Organizing communities and networks at work will help creating a culture. For example, having an organizational day out will facilitate communication among various people in the organization. |VI. LEARNING REFLECTIONS | What have you learnt? Identify the key learning points and the lessons learnt. Critical thinking is about the lessons learnt to be drawn from the analysis. BPM framework can serve many vital purposes such as project management, vendor management, complexity management, standards management and strategy management ? BPM framework comprehensively structures BPM as an organizational capability and not only as the execution of tasks in the process lifecycle ? BPM consists of six core elements that represent its success factors ? BPM core elements are strategic alignment, governance, methods, IT, people and culture ? BPM must be linked to the or ganizational strategies and goals where all processes are designed in accordance to strategic priorities ?Governance defines clear responsibilities and focuses on the design of decision-making processes ? Methods and IT tools must be applied to facilitate process modeling, execution, monitoring, control, improvement and project management ? Human capital of the organization is an important factor for improving business processes |IX. e-TUTOR COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK | |Mark: | [pic][pic]

Crucible essay Essay

The Crucible takes place in Salem Massachusetts during 1692. It takes place during the tragic time of the so called Salem witch hunts when many innocent people were accused of being a witch or dealing with the devil. As a result of these convictions many people confessed to save their lives, others who would not confess to a lie were hung or executed by other methods such as being pressed. The play the Crucible was wrote by Arthur Miller during the â€Å"Red Scare†, which was almost parallel with the Salem witch hunts in that many innocent people were accused of actions of communism and espionage that they did not take part in. The Crucible is not so much about a witch hunt as it is an illumination of human weakness, hypocrisy, and vindictiveness. In the Crucible there is quite a bit of human weakness. This can easily be seen through all of the people in the story who admitted to being a witch or dealing with the devil instead of being strong and denying the fact that were not a witch and be put to death. When this all begins, Abigail, the reverends own niece, blames Tituba, the reverends slave from Barbados of being a witch. When she is accused on page 847 she first denies it, â€Å"I don’t compact with no devil,† later on after Mr. Putnam says â€Å"this woman must be hanged†, Tituba gives into her natural human weakness and cries out â€Å"†¦ I tell him I don’t desire to work for him(the devil) sir.† That is just one of the many cases where human weakness is illuminated in the play, it is also the most common, many people gave in to the pressure so they wouldn’t be hung. Another way human weakness was illuminated in the Crucible is that John Proctor will not admit his affair with Abigail because he is afraid he will lose his farm and ruin his name. Mary Warren also gives into human weakness when John Proctor asks her to go to the court and tell that the girls are all faking there so called sickness caused by the accused witches. When she tries to tell Judge Danforth Abigail interferes and Mary pretends to go crazy again. Amongst all the human weakness there was a lot of hypocrisy mostly amongst the people who seemed strong and pure. The Crucible may take place during the Salem witch trials of 1692, however the illumination of weakness, hypocrisy, and vindictiveness are what the  play is actually about. Just like what was going on during the Red Scare during Arthur Miller’s time.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International marketing - Essay Example The concept of marketing arose from the recognized need of a business to relate to the potential consumers they were targeting and develop a line of communication that will enable them to relay any messages to the public (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The practice of marketing also served to create new inroads in freshly established regions that allows for the opportunity to develop a consumer base. Marketing strategies come into play when a company is implementing their method of marketing and consists of the particular pathways that will be chosen by an organization aiming to achieve this objective (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). The marketing strategies that are developed will be determined by the type of business the organization is involved in as well as the specific objectives that they wish to achieve. A business may choose to focus on a particular objective that they feel is essential to the strengthening of their business and this in turn will determine the particular methods that are put into application (Kotler & Keller, 2006). ... In this particular case scenario the market environment will be placed in the South African region as this is the area where the business wishes to set up their operations (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The environment can be categorized into two factors when attempting to decipher the various issues that affects the dental market the practice is hoping to penetrate. These categories are internal and external factors: Internal Factors This refers to the factors within the business that will affect the marketing strategies that may be implemented by the practice. They include: Size of the practice – The size of the business will directly affect the level of marketing they are able to undertake as well as the methods that will be implemented in relation to the business’ financial capabilities (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). The size of the business may also refer to the intended extent the practice plans on growing their South African business, a moderate establishment would not req uire as much marketing as an intended National brand would. Organizational Structure – The manner in which the company is structured and established means of operations will determining the marketing strategy that will be implemented with regard to the decision makers. The marketing activities may be controlled by the London based department which may mean that the South African strategies will have to have originated from headquarters before the business is able to act on them. It is advisable that individuals who are based within the region be in charge of the marketing operations as this is the group that has the clearest perspective of what they are dealing with and the steps that need

Inadequate nutrition and cognitive decline Essay

Inadequate nutrition and cognitive decline - Essay Example This course study will dwell on the subject of age-related cognitive decline and nutrition as a contributing factor. The lecture will cover the normal and the non-normal aging process of individuals and in particular how nutrients add up to the neurological well-being of the elderly. The hypothesis in this discussion is that: nutritional imbalance is a resultant factor in cognitive decline. We shall review related studies and literature to support this hypothesis which aims to create awareness among all individuals to continue trying to find the nearest approach to cure and prevention of cognitive abnormalities.As the human body tends to grow with age, a certain amount of memory decline is felt which includes the minute reductions or delay in thought processing. For others though, a magnitude of reduction beyond what may be considered "normal" and are relentlessly progressive, robbing individuals of their memories, intellect, and eventually their abilities to recognize close members of their families may concurrently result to a certain cognitive decline. The increasing risk of demented elderly adults created the idea of preventing or reversing neurological disorders associated with cognitive decline. The results of the clinical investigative studies revealed according to Amador(1998) the discovery of vitamin deficiencies causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Further, Amador added that the potentials of Vit.B(cobalamin) deficiency has been overlooked as a treatable cause of reversible dementia. Markle(1996)critically reviewed the alteration in thought processes associated with Vit. B deficiencies and discovered several causes that contribute its loss in the bodies among elderly patients. Quadri et al(2004)further added elevated homocysteine concentration results to folate deficiency that aggravates the early risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly individuals. However Under Wright's(2000) free-radical theory of aging, he provided that the effects of "oxidative damage" are responsible for much aging particularly of the premature kind. Wright also suggested based on animal studies that diets high in anti-oxidant-rich foods may be beneficial in slowing ARCD. Among people aged 65 and older, high vitamin C and beta-carotene levels have been associated with better memory performance. Zagaria(2002)further explained that these nutrients as explained may be markers for other dietary factors responsible for protection against cognitive disorders. In most cases when physical activity is diminished, cellular metabolism is likewise affected which results to mal-absorption of nutrients that are needed by the body. Inadequate dietary intake, intake of drugs that inhibit B12 absorption, increased cobalamin excretion that can occur according to Amador in the presence of normal hematological studies. A detailed description on the role of specific nutrients in age-related cognitive decline will be discussed which includes: Vit.B (cobalamin) an d folates; antioxidants and other food products. Vit.B(cobalamin) Andel et al (2005) noticed strong evidence of connection between the low levels of vitamin B12 and warned that this is a common nutritional deficiency in the Western world. Commonly present in meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products adults over 50 are mostly lacking than most people due to atropic gastritis whereby B12 absorption in the small intestine is reduced. However, it should be noted that certain acidic elements are persistent in the stomach of the elderly despite age, it is unusually unthinkable to blame the lack of needed nutrients to gastritis. Teunisse et al(1996)related that cobalamin is an essential vitamin for hematopoiesis and the maintenance of neurologic and psychiatric health. Since it is not synthesized in the body, animals must obtain Vit.B 12 from their diet. Vit.B12 works by aiding in cellular formation and longevity. Essentially it shares in the proper digestion,

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft Essay

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft - Essay Example Lately, discussion and push for legalization of the drug by pro-marijuana activists has intensified to an extent of triggering serious political interests. This has manifested through the recent comment by President Barrack Obama that marijuana is just like cigarette and alcohol with a promise that Federal government will not interfere with marijuana laws established by individual states. Moreover, governors and state legislatures have publicly commented alongside declaring their positions as far the discussion about the legalization of the drug is concerned. Apart from initial introduction of marijuana in America in 1545 by Spanish, marijuana laws began to exist as early as 1920s. Michael and Renee (2003) attribute the wide spread popularity of marijuana in 1920s to the prohibitive laws established during the Prohibition Era. The era saw the outlaw of alcoholic drinks and people had to resort to marijuana that came from widespread hemp plant. The laws restricted the use of recreational marijuana to the jazz musicians who only took the drug when in dance clubs entertaining people. According to Pfeifer (2011), between 1850 and 1942, the government of USA listed marijuana in Pharmacopeia, and prescribed for conditions like nausea, labor pains and rheumatism. During 1850s through to 1930s, marijuana gained popular use as an intoxicant. Another marijuana law called Marijuana Tax Act came into force in 1937 (Hart & Ksir, 2011). The purpose of the law was to levy tax of one dollar on all growers, importers, buyers, sellers, veterans, physicians and any person prescribing it, using commercially or possess it. Failure to adhere to the Act and handling o marijuana without tax stamp of the Treasury Department would attract a fine of up to $2000, five year imprisonment or both (Michael & Renee, 2003). Regulation 1 later inserted in the Marijuana Tax Act required the Bureau of Narcotics and police of the Treasury Department to conduct inspection and monitoring the use,

Schedual management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Schedual management - Essay Example The purpose of inviting shakers is so as to increase the number of attendees who will be readily interested to come for the event (Rahner 5). ?1000 is the amount of money that is estimated to be the fee that the group will demand as their allowance. ?1000 will be the grand prize for the winning team while the runners up will be rewarded ?500, and ?250 for the third place. ?500 is the amount that has been estimated as the expenses for preparations besides the costs mentioned above. The university is donating ?500 of the estimated ?3500 required. This means that further sponsorship to raise the remaining ? 3000 will be required. However, over 500 students are expected to attend the event where ? 25 will be charged for each ticket. This translates to a total of ?12,500 which is the least amount that is expected to be raised. When costs are deducted, about ? 9000 will be the net profit. Of this, ? 7000 will be used for charity while the rest will go to Alpachino kitty who are the main or ganizers. It is important to state that Alpachino are the organizers but I am the project manager. The ?2000 will continue to support the implementation of the project in the coming years. To ensure that the number attendants is increased, tickets will be sold for one month prior to the main event with emphasis to the fact that the charges is meant for charity purposes. Huge numbers of students are expected to flock in the event where The shakers dancers will perform. Background Information Alpachino is the best dancing group of which I am a member. The club was founded on 1998 by a group of talented students interest in dancing. Every year, the club organizes a concert that is always aimed at giving back to the community. Many welfare projects have been accomplished by the combined efforts and support of the university towards this noble goal. This year, it is not exceptional because on July 21st 2013, the club will hold a major dancing competition aimed at raising funds for the ch arity purposes. The club hopes to serve slum children that are in need by empowering them and encouraging them to come forward and showcase their talents and potentials. Such project has for the last five years rehabitated over 200 street children among many more projects. This year, the officials of the club has approached me and asked me to develop on their behalf, an individual project plan for the planning of the stated dancing completion to be held at the university in July 2013. I will use an initial budget of ?500 but the club will also sponsor the event from their accounts kitty. In total, an amount of ?3,500 will be the budget that I will use to plan the project. However, my project plan needs to demonstrate that any of the ?500 spent – will secure a profit and enable more money to be sent to the charity. Business Case Business Goals and Objectives The business goals and objectives for this project will focus on hosting a dancing concert. Raise money for empowering y ouths in the slums. Facilitate coordination and information among the committee members. The project will enable participants to showcase their potential and talents Will bring together people and facilitate interactivity and capacity building. Facilitate entertainment . Provide high level of event planning skills by organizing the event. Provide an open,

Gaming Industry Mini-case homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gaming Industry Mini-case homework - Essay Example Customers will always be important to business but these buyers also have other alternatives to entertain themselves such as online casinos, internet, movies etch. Video games may be more engaging than the alternatives but the low switching cost makes the alternative viable. The alternatives to video games may be numerous but they are not as engaging as video games. The alternatives are also full of risk such as online casino whose legality are still doubtful making its potential users to be less attracted to it. Gaming industry is based on the ingenuity and talent of its game developers, programmers and other talents which is the backbone of the industry. To make sure that my talents are ahead of the game, I would always conduct training and workshops to ensure that they are ahead in the industry. Of course, it is a given that I should keep them happy for them to stay in the company. This could be done by offering them stocks, handsome pay and interesting work. I would not recommend an entry to the gaming industry because it is very risky and volatile. The industry also has very high learning curves that makes it very difficult for new players to catch up with the established players. The huge capital needed to start is also very discouraging and risky. Suppliers have very high power in the chain making the company vulnerable to suppliers. The existing players may also manipulate the price to become very low for the company not to survive its penetration

The effects of advertising on children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The effects of advertising on children - Essay Example This "The Effects of Advertising on Children" essay outlines the impact of the ad on the children, their behavior, eating disorders and bad habits. Almost all food and beverage companies are using television advertisements aiming to target the children. (McGinnis et al., 2006) These advertisements include: TV commercials, product placement, and character licensing in order to persuade children to consume low nutrient foods with more high calories, sugar, salt, and fattening foods like cereals, hamburgers, French fries, pizza, and hot dogs among others. Mc Donald’s, KFC, and Burger King are only some of the companies that widely use advertisements on TV, billboards, and even on the newspaper. Some of these kids also hear these advertisements on the radio. Advertisers have a convincing way of making fast food advertisements look extremely delicious and appetizing. On the other hand, fast food companies know how to make their food taste better by adding high sugar, salt, and fat contents. (Well, n.d.) The combination of television, radio, and print advertisements together with the good tastes of these foods make children crave for more each day. Unconsciously, fast food restaurants become the brand and food preferences of these children. Thus, affecting their health negatively. Based on a research study, there is a possible correlation between childhood obesity and sugary foods advertisements on the television. Another study shows that fast-food consumption is strongly associated with the sudden increase in weight and insulin resistance.

The Assessment Process Essay Example for Free

The Assessment Process Essay Introduction Assessment is the process of judging a learner’s skills and knowledge within the work place or training environment, set against the National Occupational Standards. (NOS) These standards reflect best practice in the particular industry. Learners will be assessed as either competent or not yet competent and their evidence will be judged as sufficient or insufficient for them to have reached these standards. see more:identify ways of supporting an individual to make informed choices The assessor will work closely with the learner and work towards a National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) Note NVQs in the UK are now progressively being replaced with the Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF) NVQ’s are typically arranged in levels which are structured into units each unit carries a number of credits, they are competency based i. e. they require the demonstration of abilities to perform a standard of job, both in skills and an understanding of what the learner does and why. Learners can undertake an NVQ at any time, they will be required to attend an initial induction session within which the learner will choose units to work on. Each unit covers a general area of work and carries a certain number of credits and outcomes. Learners are required to complete a number of mandatory units and then optional units are chosen to achieve the required number of credits. Learners will have regular meetings in the workplace, with their assessor to discuss evidence criteria, progress and set targets. The Assessment Process The assessment process can be broken down into the following sections :- 1 Recruitment, induction initial assessment Once the learner is recruited and inducted into the programme an Initial assessment is carried out. This involves the identification and collection of a wide range of information to enable the assessor to develop an effective, efficient, personalised and positive training programme for the learner. The assessor’s role is to aid the learner to gain an overview of the qualifications he or she hopes to gain and to plan their route to achieving it involving selecting the right units, in the right order and identifying any extra support they might need. Information collected during the initial assessment includes:- * Social/ethnic background. * Learning difficulties, disabilities and health or personal difficulties. * Previous abilities, experience, education, qualifications and achievements (RPL) * Learner strengths. * Areas for development – weaknesses. * Current job role. * Learners short and long term ambitions, goals, needs and expectations. * Time resources. * Available facilities and support. It is the assessor’s responsibility to determine the learner’s attitude and commitment and to ensure that he/she is fully involved in the process. Failure to carry out a thorough initial assessment can result in guiding the learner to unsuitable options, the training taking too long and wasting time, effort and resources, leading to frustrated learners and resulting in a high rate of â€Å"drop outs†. 2 – Planning Before the assessment of a learner begins, it is important to make a plan of how the assessor will carry out the assessment. The overall aim is to plan for the types of evidence needed to inform the assessor’s decisions. A holistic approach is important here i. e. the assessment process needs to be planned around what the learner is doing, then linking these activities to the occupational standards, not the other way round Important for learners in the working environment. Valuable steps for the assessor during planning are to :- 1. Ensure an overview of all the relevant units within the learners chosen path, taking into account the results of the initial assessment. 2. Have all necessary documents concerning the learners existing achievements to hand 3. Gauge the level at which the learner is currently working. 4. List day to day activities, responsibilities and functions and link units to these key activities It is vital that the learner is involved at every step of the process, and crucial that all details are agreed by him/her especially the learning goals and time scales. Assessment plans The results of the planning stage should be recorded by the assessor on a document called The Assessment Plan. Each assessment plan should record :- * Who is being assessed, where and when. * What activity is being assessed, and the units for which the evidence will be provided * What assessment methods will be used, how they will be recorded and where the evidence will be stored after the assessment. * When and how feedback will be given. * Who else needs to be informed of, or involved in the assessment. * What the arrangements are for reviewing progress and updating arrangements for assessment. * Anything the learner needs to bring on the day of assessment. 3 – The fundamental responsibilities of the assessor Good assessment practice relies greatly on an honest and trustworthy relationship between the assessor and the learner, vital for successful and credible results. Credibility in assessment is guaranteed by ensuring that all assessment practices and procedures are governed by the following set of principles :- Fairness, transparency objectivity. The assessor must :- * Give the learner the best opportunity to demonstrate their learning and knowledge and the assessment process must not hinder or advantage the learner in any way. * Consider the needs and characteristics of the learner. * Provide transparency i. e. communicate clearly with the learner to ensure he/she is fully informed about, understands and is able to participate in the process. * Inform of appeal opportunities and procedures. * Not discriminate on sex, race or disability (the equality act 2010) Validity. Validity is a measure of the accuracy of an assessment or is the assessment actually doing what it is supposed to be doing? Each assessment should be designed to allow learners to produce the evidence to show that they have the required knowledge, understanding and skills for the qualification they are aiming for. An assessment is valid when it :- * Is appropriate for the purpose, e. g. a practical assessment should be used to assess practical skills, a written assessment that asks learners to write about a skill rather than demonstrate it would have low validity. * Allows learners to produce sufficient evidence of the knowledge, understanding and skills that are required to satisfy standards of the qualification. * Allows assessors to make reliable assessment decisions for all learners. Reliability Reliability is a measure of the degree of consistency with which a learners responses to an assessment are judged. To be reliable, assessment decisions on learners performance must be consistent across all assessors for all candidates undertaking the same assessment task. In any assessment system, procedures have to be put in place to ensure this. Assessment decisions are reliable when :- * They are generated by valid assessments which are produced under conditions of assessment that are consistently applied. * They are consistent across the range of assessors applying the assessment in different situations, contexts and with different learners. * They are taken on the basis of clearly-defined standards of performance. * The authenticated work of the learner is being assessed. * They are consistent over time. The relationship between validity and reliability Validity and reliability are interdependent. An assessment that produces inconsistent results cannot provide valid information about a learner’s achievement. On the other hand, highly consistent results do not necessarily indicate high validity, since the test may be inappropriate for the competence being assessed. For example, the results of a maths test involving routine calculations may have a high degree of validity for indicating arithmetical skills but a low degree of validity for indicating problem-solving abilities. High validity and high reliability are more likely to be achieved when assessors :- * Measure learners against outcomes of learning which have clearly defined performance levels. * Use assessment instruments that are appropriate to the outcomes. * Minimise subjectivity. 4 Learning and development The learner undergoes training and development over time and :- * Acquires skills and knowledge. * Practises and applies what they have learned. * Starts to perform to the standards. * Consistently performs to the standards under a variety of conditions at work. Assessment for learning takes place at regular intervals to see how the learner is progressing. Learners are given feedback on their performance, targets are adjusted and further training and development are arranged as necessary. Formative Assessment Formative assessment is an informal process used by assessors and learners to recognise and respond to student learning in order to enhance that learning during the learning. It is a method of assessing for learning as opposed to assessment of learning (summative assessment) It takes place during the assessment, is an integral part of the learning process and involves the assessor indentifying the learner’s present standard of abilities and work. It provides feedback which supplies suggestions on how the learner can develop and helps the assessor to modify the learning process to suit the learner on an ongoing basis. Advantages :- * Provides the learner with a â€Å"safe place† allowing him/her to make mistakes and learn from them as opposed to the penalties of summative assessment. * Guides assessor into making decisions about future instruction enabling them to keep track of progress and adapt training to the needs of learners. * Improves learner motivation and achievement. * Engages the learner in self assessment. * Facilitates continuous improvement for both learner and assessor. Summative assessment Summative assessment focuses on learning completed, happens after a learning period and comes in a form of formal testing of what has been learned to produce marks or grades. Advantages:- * It acts as a formal measurement and evaluation of a learner’s growth and achievement after instruction. * Enables learners to enhance their achievements. * Provides rigorous, reliable and valid verification of a learner’s performance. * Develops learners as active participants in their own assessment, enabling them to develop as independent learners and effective professionals. 5 – Assessment methods There are many assessment methods available to the assessor. It is important to choose methods which are fair, valid and most effectively assess the objectives of the unit. See table below which lists the key methods and their application METHOD| DESCRIPTION| APPLICATION| Observation| Watching learners perform in the workplace or simulated environment | To see learners demonstrate their practical skills as they do their job activities. Most standards specify observation as a mandatory method| Examining or evaluating work products| The outcomes or products of a learners work activity or task| In conjunction with observation,questioning or professional discussion – must be the result of real work| Questioning| Using a range of questioning techniques either spoken or written| To find out whether the learner has learned necessary knowledge| Discussion| A conversation in which learners describe and reflect on their performance and knowledge in relation to the requirements of the standards| To test the validity and reliability of a learners evidence. Can often be used to cover a range of work activities and units. An affective way to test deep rather than superficial learning| Evidence from others (witness testimony)| Another person’s account of what the learner has done, usually to confirm existing knowledge from assessors own observation| To support an observation and to confirm consistent performance over time. May be used in conjunction with RPL to verify a learners claim to existing knowledge and skills| Learner statements| The learners account of what they have been doing in relation to the standards to be achieved| To support consistent performance over time. Or for evidence of reflection on, and improvements in, performance | Projects, assignments and case studies| Assessing the outcomes of case studies, projects and assignments that the learner has undertaken as part of their vocational learning against specified criteria| In conjunction with questioning or discussion (although projects and assignments set as part of the learning process provide no evidence of competence)| Simulation| Using a replica of the work environment to assess competence. When it is impossible or unsafe for the learner to perform in a real-life work environment| Skills tests| Formal testing of skills under test conditions| When it forms part of the requirements for independent assessment in certain qualifications. Usually where the learners need to acquire a range of technical skills before they can perform them in the work environment, or safety related knowledge and skill requirements. | Recognition of prior learning| Assessment of a learners existing level of knowledge and skill in relation to the standards| To match prior learning to units in a qualification so the leaner doesn’t have to repeat what they have already learned. Without detailed assessment it can be difficult to judge whether prior claims constitute valid, authentic and current evidence. | 6 – Evidence All the different methods of assessment have one thing in common the collection of evidence. Evidence can be defined as The proof produced by a learner that shows that he/she complies with the requirements of the criteria of the standards they wish to gain credits for. Evidence can come from a variety of sources, it is the responsibility of the assessor to ensure that the evidence collected is valid i. e. is authentic, sufficient and current before he/she can make an accurate judgement of the learners competence. Authenticity of evidence * Can the evidence be attributed to the learner? * Is the evidence the learners own work? The assessor has to verify that the evidence is the learners own work therefore the learner must be able to explain and substantiate the evidence produced. Sufficiency of evidence * Is there enough evidence to meet all criteria needed to judge the learner as competent? * Is the assessor confident that the learner has the relevant level of knowledge and skills and that performance can be repeated? Rather than focussing on quantity of evidence the assessor needs to ensure that assessment decisions are based on quality of evidence that demonstrates the learner is competent. To be sufficient evidence must show that :- * The learner has attained all of the relevant skills and knowledge outlined in the standards. * The learner has shown competence over a period of time. * The learner is confident to repeatedly demonstrate skills and knowledge. Currency of evidence * Is the evidence related to current competence? The assessor needs to judge the evidence as up to date with the latest developments and environmental factors such as legislation and must assure that it is the most recent available, especially important when assessing prior learning.

Marketing of Barcelonas Tourism Industry

Marketing of Barcelonas Tourism Industry

Computers :: essays research papers

This paper is about the computer. Today computers are used by hundreds of millions of people. There have been many advances in the computer. The computer used to weigh 30 tons and filled warehouse size rooms, but today can be as light as 3 pounds and fit in a persons pocket.There were basically three times the computer was mentioned. One as a mechanical computing device, in about 500 BC The other as a concept in 1833, and the third as the modern day computer in 1946. The first mechanical calculator was called the abacus. The abacus is a is a string of moving beads.The first concept of the modern computer was first outlined in 1833 by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. His outline contained all of todays features in a computer today. Those features are memory, a control unit, and output devices. Even though Babbage worked on the machine for over 40 years he never actual saw it work. The modern computer grew out of intense research efforts mounted during World War II. The military needed faster ballistics calculators, and British cryptographers needed machines to help break the German secret codes.Early as the 1940's the German Inventor, Konrad Zuse, produced the first operational computer. It was used in aircraft and missile designs, but the German government would not let him improve the machine so it never reached its maximum capability. Two engineers called John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr. from the University of Pennsylvania constructed a calculator. Its construction was an enormous feat of engineering. The 30-ton machine was 18 feet high and 80 feet long, and contained 17,468 vacuum tubes linked by 500 miles of wiring. This calculator performed 100,000 operations per second, and its first operational test included calculations that helped determine the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb. Computers were finally made to a smaller size in 1958 by Jack Kilby. He used less expensive silicon chips, this made it possible to cram as many as 10 million components on 1 chip. Another big step in the computer chip was made by American Engineer Marcian E. Hoff. He combined the uses of a computer into 1 tiny silicon chip which he called the microprocessor. This microprocessor was called the Intel 4004. By the mid 1970's the microprocessor or microchip reduced the cost of computers. The first affordable desktop computer designed specifically for personal use was called the Altair 8800 and was sold by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems in 1974.

stage :: essays research papers

Introduction J’ai rà ©alisà © mon stage commercial chez Pernod Ricard Venezuela. J’ai choisi cette entreprise afin de dà ©couvrir avec le fonctionnement d’un service commercial, et d’avoir une premià ¨re expà ©rience professionnelle dans mon pays d’origine. Au sein de PRV on m’a confià © une mission d’investigation afin d’optimiser les nà ©gociations du dà ©partement commercial. J’ai dà » analyser l’impact de publications et des exhibitions nà ©gocià ©es par l’à ©quipe de vente. De plus j’ai dà » rà ©aliser une proposition merchandising pour une chaà ®ne de supermarchà © qui est en train de restructurer sa dà ©marche auprà ¨s des clients. Ainsi dans ce rapport, je vous prà ©senterai en premià ¨re partie l’entreprise, son historique, ses employà ©s, le service commercial et son marchà ©. En deuxià ¨me partie je dà ©finirai en dà ©tail les actività ©s menà ©es pour rà ©aliser la mission qui me fut confià ©e et pour atteindre mes objectifs personnels. I L’entreprise et son marchà © I.1 Prà ©sentation de l’entreprise Raison Sociale: PERNOD RICARD VENEZUELA Forme Juridique : Compagnie Anonyme Capital Social : 17 000 000 â‚ ¬ Nom du Directeur : M. Elvis IPPOLITTI Adresse : Avenida Rio de Janeiro Edif. Centro Rio de Janeiro, PH Las Mercedes, Municipio Baruta Caracas 1060 - VENEZUELA Tà ©là ©phone : (58-212) 200 72 00 Fax : (58-212) 200 72 99 Date de crà ©ation : 2002 Secteur d’actività © : vente et distribution de vins et spiritueux Chiffre d’affaires : 45 075 000 â‚ ¬. Effectif : 110 personnes I.2.A Historique Fortement implantà ©e sur tous les continents, Pernod Ricard est l'un des trois premiers opà ©rateurs de spiritueux et vins dans le monde. Depuis sa crà ©ation en 1975, une forte croissance interne et des acquisitions ambitieuses ont permis au Groupe de dà ©velopper l'un des portefeuilles de produits les mieux dotà ©s du secteur. Le Groupe dispose de rà ©seaux de distribution puissants sur tous les continents et aujourd'hui, plus des quatre cinquià ¨mes du chiffre d'affaires sont rà ©alisà ©s hors France : 40 % en Europe, 22 % dans les Amà ©riques et 22 % dans le reste du monde. Dans la catà ©gorie des spiritueux internationaux, Pernod Ricard est numà ©ro 1 en Europe Continentale et en Irlande, numà ©ro 1 en Amà ©rique Centrale et du Sud et numà ©ro 2 en Asie-Pacifique. Il se situe au sixià ¨me rang en Amà ©rique du Nord. Le Groupe est par ailleurs numà ©ro deux du secteur "Travel Retail" Quelques Dates Importantes 1975 France : Crà ©ation de Pernod Ricard par la fusion des deux socià ©tà ©s d ´anisà ©s Pernod et Ricard. Le group inclus aussi JFA PamprylÉcosse : Acquisition de Campbell Distillers (Scotch whiskies) 1982 Monde : Acquisition de SIAS MPA, producteur numà ©ro un au niveau de concentrà ©s de fruits. Pour la premià ¨re fois, les actività ©s du groupe sont gà ©rà ©es depuis la France.

Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Essay -- What is Politics?

Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Propaganda is very important issue in our society. The word "propaganda" however, has a very negative connotation. This may happen because people tend to associate it with "the enormous campaigns that were waged by Hitler and Stalin,' (Delwiche 2002). Now propaganda has a different face. It may not be as obvious as but it is used regurlarly by politicians, companies and others who are interested in influencing our behaviour. "Propaganda is the control of opinion by significant symbols influence", (Laswell, as cited in Chadwick). There are seven types of propaganda devices. These have been categorized into a few groups by the Institute of Propaganda Analysis (IPA): Name Calling, Glittering Generality, Transfer, Testimonial, Plain folks, Card stacking and Bandwagon. Using these devices, propaganda can be successful (serve it's objective). "The work of the propaganda (is to influence) large scale and "group conscious, (" it is not directed at individuals. It is directed through many media which can include "leaflets, posters, TV broadcasts or radio broadcasts," (Wikipedia). Verbal statements are the most common way propaganda occurs. It often involves the distortion or manipulation of facts but not always. Propaganda isn't only spread through words, often actions, gestures of even image manipulation can be the cause. It involves anything that may provide an affected version of the truth, even stereotypes. Propaganda can employs prejudice to perpetuate stereotypes and those stereotypes have a direct effect on the propaganda. This turns into a endless cycle. Hatred is the cause for extreme cases of propaganda. These prejudices create stereotypes that then become common belief. "Two thousand... ...prejudices that a society harbours cause the hate and propaganda. This causes the prejudices to be reconfirmed and further developed into stereotypes. Now the cycle begins again. Bibliography Chadwick, W. Public Relations and Propaganda. Online at: , consulted on 03/25/04. Delwich, A (2002). Propaganda - Anti American propaganda from Afghanistan. Online at: , consulted on 03/20/04. Delwich, A (2002). Propaganda - Why think about propaganda?. Online at: . Mustafa, N (2004). "Please, No Phone Calls". Time: Special report, V. 163, No. 13, p. 9. Wikipedia encyclopedia (2004). Online at: , consulted on: 03/29/04.

In this report I will start by exploring Essay

In this report I will start by exploring the history of the Computerised Tomography (CT) scanner and the technological advances which have made this type of medical imaging one of the most successful in its field. In addition, I will give a detailed explanation of the physics used to generate and manipulate a three-dimensional image. These images are used by physicians to diagnose cancers and vascular diseases or identify other injuries within the skeletal system, which can cause millions of deaths each year. This area of research has been chosen because I plan to enter the world of medicine in the next academic year. Medicine is constantly changing and developing. Cost containment and limitations reimbursed for high-tech studies such as CT and Magnetic Resonance imagining (MRI) are part of the future for the health care system. For CT to grow, or at least survive, it must provide more information than other imaging modalities in a cost-effective, time-efficient manner and at this present time it is able to achieve its aim. History: Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is also known as â€Å"CAT scanning† (Computed Axial Tomography). Tomography is from the Greek words â€Å"tomos† meaning â€Å"slice† and â€Å"graphia† meaning â€Å"describing†. The first CT scanner was invented in Britain by the EMI Medical Laboratories in 1973 and was designed by the engineer Godfrey N Hounsfield. Hounsfield was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to medicine and science. Figure 1. 0 (below left) show the first ever CT scanner produced, with its designer Hounsfield: Foster E. (1993) and Imaginis. com state that: â€Å"the first clinical CT scanners were installed between 1974 and 1976. † The original systems were dedicated to head imaging only, but â€Å"whole body† systems with larger patient openings became available in 1976. CT became widely available by about 1980. According to Imaginis. com, at this present time there are approximately 6,000 CT scanners in the United States and about 30,000 worldwide. However, it should be noted that many third-world counties do not have the financial capability to purchase CT scanners and as a result do not posses them. The first consignment of CT scanners developed by the EMI took several hours to acquire the data for a single scan. In addition, it would take days to reconstruct a single image from this raw data. Bell J.(2006), suggest that modern CT scanners can collect up to 4 slices of data in about 350ms and reconstruct a 512 x 512 matrix from millions of data in less than a second. Since its development 36 years ago CT has made advances in speed, patient comfort and resolution . A bigger volume can be scanned in less time and artefacts can be reduced as faster scans can eliminate faults caused from patient motion. Another advance took place in 1987. Bushong C. S (2004) suggests that, in the original CT scanners the x-ray power was transferred to the x-ray tube by high voltage cable; however modern CT scanners use the principle of slip ring. This is explained in more detail under ‘advances’. Figure 1. 1 (below right) shows what a modern CT scanner looks like. CT examinations are now quicker as well as being more patient-friendly. Much research has been undertaken in this field, which as a result has led to the development of high-resolution imaging for diagnostic purposes. In addition, the research has also reduced the risk of radiation by being able to provide good images at the lowest possible x-ray dose. Principles and Components of CT: CT scanners are based on the x-ray principle; x-rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which are able to pass through the body. Roberts P. D (1990) states, that as they are absorbed or attenuated at different levels, they are able to create a matrix of differing strength. In x-ray machines this matrix is registered on film, whereas in the case of CT the film is replaced by detectors which measure the strength of x-ray. To understand how a CT scanner works in more detail, I shall start by looking at the equipment used. Firstly, we must analyse the basic components which make a CT scanner work. These are the gantry, operating console and a computer. Figure 1. 2 shows the order in which the information passes. Figure 1.2 shows only basic components; other components will be explained later in the course of this report. Arguably, the most important part of a CT scanner is the gantry. Gantry: According to Foster E (1993) and Impactscan. org, the gantry consists of an x-ray source. Opposite the x-ray source, on the other side of the gantry, is an x-ray detector. During a scan a patient will lie on a table which slides into the centre of the gantry until the part of the body to be scanned is between the x-ray source and detector. The x-ray machine and x-ray detector both rotate around the patient’s body, remaining opposite each other. As they rotate around, the x-ray machine emits thin beams of x-rays through the patient’s body and into the x-ray detector. Figure 1. 3 shows the inside of a gantry. The detectors detect the strength of the x-ray beam that has passed through the body. The denser the tissues, the less x-rays pass through. The x-ray detectors feed this information into a computer as shown is Figure 1. 3. Different types of tissue with different densities show up in a picture on the computer monitor as different colours or shades of grey. Therefore, an image is created by the computer of a ‘slice’ (cross- section) of a thin section of a body. Before advancing any further we must understand the physics behind this process. X-ray tube: The X-ray tube inside the gantry (figure 1. 4) produces the X-ray beams by converting electrical energy into an electromagnetic wave. Graham T. D (1996) and Bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 suggest that, this is achieved by accelerating electrons from an electrically negative cathode towards a positive anode. As the electrons hit the target they are decelerated quickly, causing them to lose energy which is converted into heat energy and X-rays. The anode and cathode form a circuit which is completed by the flow of electrons through the vacuum of the tube. The basic layout of an X-ray tube is shown below (figure 1. 4). Figure 1. 4 shows that a high voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode. This very high potential is supplied by a high-voltage generator. The high voltage is the provider of the electrical energy needed for conversion and thus production of X-ray beams. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. Three-phase Generator: Three-phase generators are typical of CT scanners. Ogborn J. (2001) and koehler. me. uk, state that this process can be thought of as three phase AC generators combined into one. The poles of the permanent rotating armature magnet swing past each of the non-permanent stator magnets. This induces an oscillating voltage across each of the three coils. Figure 1. 5 shows a three phase generator. As we can see from figure 1. 5, each of the three coils has a wire leading from it. These three wires join together to form the purple wire that leads to the purple terminal see from figure 1. 5 As the three separate coils are arranged 120i apart, the oscillations of each of these are 120i out phase. This means the purple (or neutral) wire can be quite thin since the different phases add up to approximately zero. The potential difference generated needs to be high; high potential difference has a number of advantages in CT scanners. High potential difference reduces bone attenuation (greater penetration) allowing wider range of image (larger grey scale as bone is not merely white as on normal x-ray- (this will be explained later). In addition, the higher the radiation intensity at the detectors in the gantry, the better the information acquired. Gantry: The Collimator: In this section we shall look at the gantry (figure 1. 3) in more detail. Figure 1. 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of the inside of a gantry. According to Foster E (1993), inside the gantry is a beam restrictor called, collimator. Beam restrictors are lead obstacles placed near to the anode of the X-ray tube (figure 1. 4) and are used to control the width of the X-ray beam allowed to pass through the patient. Beam restrictors are needed as they keep patient exposure to a minimum and also reduce scattered rays. This is very important as X-rays are produced by a centre spot on the anode; they are not all produced at the same point. In addition, restrictors also maintain beam width travelling through the patient, which as a result affects the image quality (stronger beam means better image). The most effective form of a beam restrictor is a collimator. This is situated in front of the X-ray tube and consists of two sets of four sliding lead shutters which move independently to restrict the beam. The Filters: By looking at figure 1. 6 we can see another apparatus positioned between the collimator and the X-ray tube. This is the filter and its job is to remove the long wavelength X-rays produced from the X-ray tube. Impactscan. org suggests that, the X-ray tube produces radiation which consists of long and short wavelengths. However, the filter removes long wavelength radiation as this does not play a role in CT image formation, but increases patient dose. We know that long wavelength radiation is less energetic, and as a result passes through the body and cannot be detected.    Furthermore, a person who is very large may not fit into the opening of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight limit for the moving table. This could possibly be the next technological advancement in CT scanners. Advantages: The main advantage of CTs is that a short scan time of 600 milliseconds to a few seconds can be used for all anatomic part of the body. This is a big advantage especially for people who are claustrophobic. In addition, it is painless, non-invasive and accurate. As CT scans are fast and simple, in emergency cases they can reveal internal injuries and bleeding quickly enough to help save lives. Also, in this period of economic recession the CT has shown to be cost-effective imaging tool for a wide range of clinical problems. Comparing CT to its competitors the MRI scan, CT is less sensitive to patient movement and can be performed even if the patient has an implanted medical device, unlike MRI. At the present time the CT scanner is superior to the MRI scanner. MRIs are bigger machines, with much more sensitive electronics in addition to requiring bigger support structures to operate them. To sum that all up- MRI machines cost more and this could be the underlying reason that CT are used more than MRI scans. Finally, a diagnosis determined by CT scanning may eliminate the need for exploratory surgery. Risks: The main risk of CT is the chance of cancer from exposure to radiation. The radiation ionises the body cells which mutate when they replicate and form a tumour. However, the benefits of an accurate diagnosis outweigh the risks. In our recent study of ionisation radiation we have learned about the unit of Sievert. Radiologyinfo. org states that a radiation dose from this procedure ranges from 2 to 5 mSV, which is approximately the same as the background radiation received in 4 years. The main risk of CT scanner is cancer; however this is only if they are used excessively. Research for the New Scientist suggests that the risk is very small and the benefits greatly weight it. Summary: In this report I started by looking at the history behind the CT scan and how this medical imaging has taken the science world by storm. I then explained the basic principles behind the scanner. As understanding of these principles grew, we were then led into the physics and a more in depth explanation. The different components of the CT were explained in detail such as the three-phase generator and how an x-ray tube works. This links in with our recent study of physics. During the report we were also able to understand how slip ring and thus helical scanning has proven to be a major advance is this field. Once again, the physics behind this was explained in some detail. The report concluded by looking at the various applications, advantages and risks. The medical imaging world is constantly changing and improving like any field of medicine. Companies are always trying to produce imaging machines which are faster, more accurate, more economical and present less risk to the patient. Therefore, the life span of the CT scanner could be limited with its competitors waiting to emerge in the background. The information in this report is very factual and accurate. I used a variety of sources to obtain the information. Most of the information in this coursework is attained from universities and radiology books. In addition, well-known articles were used from the monthly radiology magazine, ‘Synergy’ as well as information from the ‘New Scientist’ and ‘Nature’. Synergy is the biggest radiography magazine in the UK, which makes me believe that the information obtained it accurate. In addition, ‘New Scientist’ and ‘Nature’ are well established titles which more often than not provide accurate information. The websites I used are all recommended by The University of Hertfordshire to its undergraduates in radiography. This means they are also reliable sources of information. In addition, I also used a number of well recognised radiology books. By using different sources of information, I was able to eliminate any bias or inaccurate information provided in some sources. To sum up, I believe the information provided is accurate and reliable. Bibliography: Book References > Allday J, Adams S (2000) Advanced Physics. Oxford University Press > Ball J, More D. A (2006) Essential Physics for Radiographers. Blackwell Publishing > Bushong C. S (2004) Radiologic Science for Technologist. Mosby Inc > Duncan T, (1987) Physics; A Textbook for Advanced Level Students. John Murray > Elliott A, McCormick A (2004) Health Physics. Cambridge University Press > Foster E (1993) Equipment for Diagnostic Radiographer. MTP Press Limited > Graham T. D (1996) Principles of Radiological Physics. Churchill Livingstone. > Ogborn et al (2000) Advancing Physics A2. Institute of Physics > Roberts P. D, Smith L. N (1990) Radiographic Imaging. Churchill Livingstone > Thompson C, Wakeling J (2003) AS Level Physics. Coordinate Group Publication. On Line References > Figure 1. 0 obtained from, www. catscanman. net > Figure 1. 1 obtained from, www. mh. org. au > Figure 1. 3 and Figure 1. 4 obtained from, www. impactscan. org/slides > Figure 1. 5 obtained from, www. koehler. me. uk > Figure 1. 6 and Figure 1. 7 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides > Figure 1. 8 obtained from, www. itnonline. net. > Figure 1. 9 and Figure 2. 0 obtained from www. sprawls. org/resources > Figure 2. 1 obtained from, www. csmc. edu > Figure 2. 2 and Figure 2. 3 obtained from, www. sprawls. org/resources > Figure 2. 4, Figure 2. 5 and Figure 2. 6 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides > www. radiologyinfo. org (25 February 2009) > www. imaginis. com/ct-scan/ (12 March 2009) > www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 (15 February 2009) > www. impactscan. org/slides (12 March 2009) > www. sprawls. org/resources (14 March 2009) Other References > Synergy Magazine > New Scientist Magazine > Nature Magazine.

The Keys to Successful Parenting

Kendallyn February 7, 2013 Mr. Mellema English 11 The Keys to Successful Parenting Being a successful parent requires a whole lot more than just providing for the physical needs of a child. To achieve being a successful parent, it means to be completely committed to building the well-being of the child. Personally, I think the qualities a successful parent should have is to be completely understanding and supportive, having faith in them, and being full of unconditional love. Having these qualities can have a great outcome of your child's behavior.And I'm sure that's what every parent wants. Showing Support and understanding is key in successful parenting. Understanding your child and taking time out of your day to talk with them and understand them is a very powerful way of showing love and compassion in my opinion. Listening to your kid can, and will draw a closer bond between you and can result in a lot less conflict. I believe by not showing nor having this quality, it can lead t o an unhealthy relationship and disconnection between you and your child.Also, having an absence of someone listening to you and understanding you as a child can result in future problems such as mentally and unhealthy habits. I know this because I have witnessed this in my life. â€Å"Everyone is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live it's whole life believing that it is stupid. â€Å"- Albert Einstein. I think that this quote applies to parenting in some way. I believe that parents should notice and praise all the positive things that a child does in life.It can sure be a confidence boost. You should avoid jokingly calling your child â€Å"dumb†, â€Å"brat†, â€Å"good for nothing,† because there's always that chance that they don’t know you're just teasing them. Some kids take that kind of stuff to heart and start believing that they truly are â€Å"dumb† and ‘good for nothing'. I believe by havin g complete faith in your child not only boosts their confidence, but it makes them realize all the good things they can accomplish. All these qualities are great to have, but I think the absolutely most important quality you hould have is showing and having unconditional love for your children. Growing up, it is inevitable to not make mistakes. It's just apart of life. So when your child does make a mistake, it shouldn’t change how much love you have for them. Without love, there would be no strong foundation to build up a good relationship with your child or even your family. It just wouldn’t be possible to have a healthy stable family if love was absent in your home. I know I'm just a teenager and I have no experience being a parent, but by the looks of it, parenting sure doesn’t look easy.I know there is so much more to being a parent and there are as much responsibilities that reach beyond the moon that goes with it, but I believe by building up these qualit ies that I listed can make parenting a lot more successful and easy on you. So what I'm basically saying is if you keep these qualities in mind, have positive attitude and raise your children with complete positivity and love, there can be a prodigious outcome. And I think that it's totally worth it.

Honey And Mumford Learning Style Education Essay

It is normally believed that most people have a penchant with respects to interacting with, taking in and treating information to let them to larn ( Smith, 2003 ) . Different people adopt different acquisition manners where an optimal manner allows the person to larn best. The construct of individualized acquisition manners has gained a great trade of popularity in recent old ages of all time since the thought was proposed in the seventiess. To day of the month, there has been a monolithic copiousness of trials that can be performed to measure a individual ‘s acquisition manner ( Sprenger, 2003 ) . The undertaking is divided into two parts: Part A: To place and analyse my learning manner penchants through assorted questionnaires ; the VARK trial, Honey and Mumford acquisition manner, Myer Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) and Belbin ‘s squad stock list. Prem and Phil stated that â€Å" Learning affects public presentation because all public presentation can be improved through acquisition. † ( Prem & A ; Phil, 2008 ) . Therefore, this allows me to derive an apprehension of who I am as a scholar and how this cognition may impact my public presentations, both separately or within a squad environment. Part B: To discourse my personality type and how my learning manner may impact my calling picks. However, it is deserving observing that although â€Å" personality is a possible subscriber to acquisition, it is hard to specify † ( Davies, 2008 ) . Sigmund Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to explicate the complexness of human personality by proposing that most of the personality is hidden out of sight under H2O ( Freud, 2003 ) . Hence, placing one ‘s personality is non an easy undertaking, and trials should merely be used as a ‘starting point ‘ instead than as a agency to do definite opinions ( Bayne, 1997 ) . However, my consequences will give a general thought of a calling field that most closely fit my personality and strengths.Part 1: Who I am as a scholar?1.1 VARK TestThe VARK trial is one of the most normally used theoretical accounts to assist place an person ‘s penchant for having and analyzing information with respects to larning. It can as sist people to develop extra acquisition schemes. There are four manners for people to utilize, such as ocular, aural, read/write and kinesthetic ( VARK, 2009 ) . It is a model to measure a individual ‘s learning manner. The consequences of the VARK trial ( Appendix A ) suggest that my strengths in a acquisition context remainder on my aural accomplishments. I have a strong penchant for aural based acquisition since I like to listen to others during treatment to derive a different position which allows me to understand more of the subject being discussed. My group mate agrees with this by stating †Although Yin Sung is usually quiet during group activities, she is an active hearer of other people ‘s positions and attentions about other people ‘s ideas, † ( Vicky, 2010 ) . Another portion of the trial consequences that I peculiarly agree with is that my written/reading accomplishments rather weak and is n't my preferable method of larning. Having merely late moved to analyze in the UK, English is non my first linguistic communication which could explicate why this type of acquisition is non one of my chief strengths, although my proficiency is bettering a batch. Since, the western educational system places a batch of accent on reading and authorship, I believe that I will derive a batch of betterment in this acquisition facet as clip goes on with added pattern. However, I am a spot surprised by my low mark on my kinaesthetic accomplishments. I have ever thought that I am person that learns good when given the chance to see something via a ‘hands on attack ‘ . For illustration, I find that I am able to pick up new accomplishments easy ( i.e. badminton ) when I am able to physically seek it out instead than merely reading from a book on how to play.1.2 Honey and Mumford Learning StyleThe Honey and Mumford ‘s ( 1992 ) Learning Style identifies and categorises an person ‘s learning manner. There are four possible manners ; an militant, reflector, theoretician and pragmatist, with a sum of 80 inquiries in the trial ( Honey and Mumford, 1992 ) . Harmonizing to the consequences of the Honey and Mumford larning manner questionnaire ( Appendix B ) I adopt a high reflector outlook. I agree with the bulk of the description of the reflector which I believe to the full depict me. A Reflector is a careful individual who prefers to take a back place in group treatments ( Honey and Mumford, 1992 ) . I like to listen to other people ‘s positions before I come to decisions and take my clip before doing any determinations. Being less self-asserting and be givening to keep back from engagement, I believe that I will work good and larn more expeditiously if placed around an militant, as one would be able to promote me to undertake state of affairss via a more ‘head on ‘ attack. This would heighten my engagement in group activities and treatments. In understanding with my VARK consequences, the Honey and Mumford trial suggests that I am a good hearer which is one of the strengths of a reflector. I to the full agree with this since I have ever been person that likes to listen to everyone in the group thoughtfully. This gives me an chance to derive different positions from different angles before I come to decisions. However, a possible failing that I see in myself by being a reflector is that I spend a long clip when executing set undertakings. For illustration, during my last assignment, it took me in surplus of two months to finish it as I was brooding excessively much on the readying phase. I spent excessively long researching information before I eventually began composing my assignment which is due to my caution with respects to make up one's minding how to compose it. Although I do demo a cautious outlook, I do n't to the full hold with the description that a individual with reflector behavior ne'er likes to take hazards. I on occasion like to step out of my ‘comfort zone ‘ to see things that I have ne'er experienced before to broaden my ain cognition. For illustration, I chose to go forth my place and familiar milieus in Hong Kong to analyze in the UK. I besides like to take up activities and avocations that I have ne'er tried before.1.3 Myers Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myer Briggs type Indicator ( MBTI ) is a questionnaire used to place an person ‘s personality type based on Carl Jung theories. MBTI categorises persons into two maps, such as extroversion or invagination which is the penchant in which an person prefers to direct their energy ( Madeline & A ; Rebecca, 1988 ) . For illustration, one that likes to direct their energy to cover with outer things, state of affairss or other people is deemed to hold a penchant for extrov ersion. Conversely, a individual that likes to cover with thoughts, information, accounts or the ‘inner universe ‘ , so their penchant is invagination. The consequences of the MBTI ( Appendix C ) suggest that I have a dominant introspective map, with a high penchant for introspective detection as demonstrated by my high mark in ISFJ. These consequences show that I like to listen to others and to absorb every bit much information as possible in a peculiar state of affairs, to spread out my cognition and to accomplish a clear apprehension of a subject. These compliment good with my consequences from the Honey and Mumford trial mentioned above. The consequences besides suggest that I am a difficult working person, which I feel describes me good. I like to get down early and guarantee that I perform undertakings to the best of my ability. Sing my academic life, I tend to analyze at least five hours a twenty-four hours. I besides begin my research for assignments long before the deadline. For illustration, although this professional undertaking is due for entry in April 2010, I have been fixing and making the necessary reading since October 2009. The MBTI consequences besides suggest that I have an of import penchant for extrovert feeling, as demonstrated by my high ESFJ mark. I am person that likes to concentrate on edifice harmoniousness in the universe around me and construct positive relationships. Besides, I ever value other people ‘s parts during work or other activities. My old employer said â€Å" Sung Yin is a really personable person that is popular with the clients and staff which creates a really positive ambiance around the topographic point, † ( Mrs Poon, 2008 ) . I will ever seek to carry people to hold with my positions if their sentiments are different to mine. However, I ever need to be careful non to pique those around me while seeking to make so. Briggs Myers stated that although ‘ESFJ ‘s ‘ are â€Å" friendly and sympathetic, they are really diligent and insist that others portion the same positions as them. † ( Myers, 1995 ) .1.4 Belbin Team InventoryThe Belbin Team Inventory is a trial used to estimate penetration into a individual ‘s behavioral inclination in a squad environment ( Furnham, Steele & A ; Pendleton, 1993 ) . The trial allows us the chance to find non merely our single aptitude strengths, but besides gives an consciousness of our place within a squad and how we are expected to lend. It â€Å" scores people based on how strongly they express traits from nine different squad functions. † ( Belbin, 1981 ) . Harmonizing to my Belbin trial consequences ( Appendix D ) , I have a major penchant for a function as a ‘shaper ‘ within a squad. A ‘shaper ‘ contains behavioral traits that correspond to my consequences from the MBTI. For illustration, a ‘shaper ‘ shows a thrust to win and to get the better of obstructions which complements my desire to carry through my aspirations and follow my clear ends. Although I display ‘reflector ‘ features, I besides see myself as a competitory person that thrives on force per unit area and challenges, which forms the footing of the ‘shaper ‘ function. My high school P.E teacher wrote on my school study â€Å" Sung Yin has demonstrated her competitory side during badminton category and has the necessary personality and desire to go a good participant in the athletics in future, † ( Mr. Yeung, 2001 ) . The consequences besides show that I am a ‘monitor judge ‘ proposing that I am an person that likes to measure all options before coming to a decision, which allows me to do accurate opinions. This agrees with my Honey and Mumford trial consequences which say that I am one who likes to derive different positions in treatment before doing determinations ( being a reflector ) . Finally, the trial consequences besides consider me to hold a penchant for a ‘specialist ‘ function that displays individual mindedness and dedication. These are traits that I agree with since I am a instead obstinate individual that does n't wish to alter my head one time I have my head set on something. Mr Robinson, my old employer said †Sung Yin is a really goaded individual with a clear way with where she wants to be and is improbable that she will be swayed from it, † ( Mr. Robinson, 2007 ) . I am ever dedicated to my undertakings at manus and ever give my best to make them every bit good as I can. This has allowed me to develop my accomplishments and cognition to a degree that means I can give a utile part within a squad. Despite what I feel is a reasonably accurate appraisal of my discriminatory functions within a squad, I do non to the full agree with a ‘resource research worker ‘ being my least preferable function. This is because I believe that I am a communicative individual which is a cardinal trait of the resource ‘resource research worker ‘ . As demonstrated by old trial consequences, I am a individual that possesses strong aural accomplishments. Despite regularly following a cautious attack to group treatment activities ( in line with my reflector personality ) , I like to inquire inquiries and take part in activities one time I feel comfy plenty to show my positions one time I have gauged other peoples ‘ point of views.Part 2: Deductions for calling pick2.1 Lifelong LearningEven from a immature age, I have ever been cognizant of the importance of larning new things to broaden my ain cognition base holding been invariably reminded by my parents to â€Å" work ha rd till old, and to larn till old. †A With an of all time altering society and increasing demand for ‘talent ‘ in any professional calling, it is compulsory that an person should non merely get new accomplishments, but to besides invariably upgrade these accomplishments to run into challenges set by the altering work environment.A This is the act of life-long acquisition which is the deliberate patterned advance throughout life of an person, where our cognition is invariably being expanded which allows us to efficaciously ‘survive ‘ in society ( Peter, Jenny and Shelagh, 1998 ) .A The essentialness of life-long acquisition has been good documented even every bit early as the seventeenth century where Comenius wrote that â€Å" no age is excessively late to get down larning. † And that one should ne'er do the error of ‘standing still ‘ in footings of accomplishment acquisition ( Comenius, 1996 ) .A Through my practical experience and l ife in general, I have come to the realisation that uninterrupted acquisition is a necessity to keep a competitory advantage over the many persons that seek the same calling chances as me.A Hence, I search for any chances to better myself through life-long acquisition. With my desire to better, I have late resigned from my occupation to analyze my unmarried man ‘s grade in Northumbria University. Prior to my surrender and subsequent move to partake in full clip surveies, I worked three old ages in the Bank of China as a Customer Service Officer ( Appendix E ) .A During that clip, I was working full-time, while analyzing parttime during eventides by go toing analyzing classes.A The part-time survey has allowed me to develop many cardinal accomplishments to rise my proficiency in making my occupation in minimum time.A This is of import because of the current unstable and competitory occupation market.A It has now become a demand for me to place a clear calling way for me to prosecute and so to develop my cognition towards the relevant countries to carry through the demands of my hereafter employers.A I am now analyzing an ‘International Business Management ‘ degree class with the aspiration to accomplish a future calling in the conc ern sector.A A A A A A Life-long acquisition will assist me supply a solid base for the development of indispensable movable accomplishments ( as discussed subsequently ) that would lodge to me throughout life and to help me in the patterned advance towards my calling ends. It is besides of import for doing me a ‘better ‘ person.A After all â€Å" it is the bottom round of the ladder of personal development. † ( Peter, Jenny and Shelagh, 1998 ) .A2.2 Career ChoiceHaving conducted assorted larning manner trials on myself, I have been able to derive a better apprehension of my acquisition penchants, personality and environments where I am likely to boom upon.A It is expected that cognizing an person ‘s learning manner penchant may assist that individual to define a possible calling way that is best suited for them, or even influence that individual towards certain calling choices.A Indeed, it is common for directors to utilize questionnaires to place ideal personality traits in their campaigners that would most probably be suited for their occupations which would help them in the choice process.A However, it is deserving observing that human behavior is extremely complex, and such trials may non needfully give an accurate or thorough appraisal of an person ‘s personality ( Freud, 2001 ) .A Hence, consequences of these trials should non be held absolute and should merely be used as a guideline to help a individual with respects to doing cardinal determinations such as possible calling waies to take.A Despite obvious drawbacks with utilizing these trials, I agree with most of the suggestions made by them sing my acquisition penchants and some facets of my personality.A In footings of employment, through my practical experiences, I have developed a strong desire to prosecute a calling in Marketing.A The accomplishments I have acquired to day of the month hold mostly influenced my involvement towards this calling way which, together with my personality, has made me see that I possess the ‘raw ‘ foundations to win in the selling sector.A In a study carried out by Honey and Mumford, it was found that the bulk of directors preferable employees that are ‘reflectors ‘ for Marketing occupations ; a trait that they believe would convey the biggest success to their company.A Having carried out a Honey and Mumford trial on myself, it was concluded that I am a strong ‘reflector ‘ , which makes me competently suited for Marketing. ‘Reflectors ‘ such asA myself likes to follow a cautious attack during group activities. This means that I tend to take an initial back place in group treatments, A preferring to obtain different point of views before doing cardinal decisions.A Being cautious, can besides affect believing in front in expectancy of possible obstructions. With selling occupations, it is of import non to hotfoot into determinations without first thought and planning ahead.A This is because, with the nature of the type of work, it is inevitable that there will be ‘lean ‘ periods so therefore, it is particularly wise to be prepared for such periods and to hold a program to move accordingly.A For illustration, a portion of be aftering in front is expectancy of alterations in the markets and happening new merchandises to promote.A It is of import to be cognizant that â€Å" the best selling enterprisers are ever looking for the following large money marker. † They are ever be aftering in front ( Scott Brooks, 2004 ) .A Hence, holding a cautious attack to things can be a good trait as it means that I am less likely to do incorrect determinations due to hotfooting into things and take necessary precautions.A My Belbin consequences that conclude that I have a strong penchant towards a ‘Monitor judge ‘ who likes to measure all options before coming to decisions adds farther support of my suitableness for a Marketing calling. â€Å" The ability to stay unagitated is one of the most sought after personality traits in the Retail profession, † ( John, 2007 ) .A Pressure can come in different ways, for illustration, when covering with unhappy clients who are dissatisfied with the merchandises sold to the ; It is the occupation of the seller to cover with the job and to reconstruct the client ‘s sentiment of the company.A Hence, to accomplish this, it is indispensable to stay unagitated under force per unit area when covering with these situations.A With selling occupations, it is besides of import to be able to react good and suitably to rigorous marks and deadlines that are set and to work towards them, which can besides take to coerce edifice up.A My Belbin trial consequences suggest that I am suited towards a ‘shaper ‘ function which is another ground why I feel that a Marketing calling is suited for me.A ‘Shapers ‘ are adept at executing under supercharging state of af fairss and with the added thrust to win. This is of import since there is a batch of competition within the market.A â€Å" Merely when you have your client on your side, are you able to efficaciously acquire what you want. † ( John, 2007 ) .A I believe this quotation mark highlights what a calling in Marketing is basically all about.A Success within the field of Marketing and Retail is extremely dependent on your clients or clients which means that good ‘people accomplishments ‘ leting you to link efficaciously with both co-workers and clients is essential.A On a personality degree, it is advantageous to be a ‘likeable ‘ individual which can affect being a pleasant person with a ‘cheery ‘ disposition.A â€Å" You are more likely to be able to negociate better if your client likes you, † ( Scott Brooks, 2004 ) .A My MBTI consequences have described me as holding a strong penchant towards extroverted experiencing which means that I like to construct positive relationships with people around me and to make harmoniousness around me.A This, in my sentim ent has contributed mostly to me being a personable individual.A The benefits of this personality trait are double. First, I would be able to sell my merchandises to clients more easy since they are likely to happen me a pleasant individual. Second, I am more likely to be on the ‘right side ‘ of my work co-workers and so they may be more likely to offer me their help.A Having identified a calling field that best suit my personality as based on my personality trials, I seek to accomplish a future calling as a Marketing manager.A A occupation of this sort would let me the duty to do cardinal determinations that will act upon the success of the company.A I crave the chance to pull off a squad, and to give a major part to the company that I work for.A A successful calling as a Marketing director demands certain personality traits in add-on to those mentioned above.A For illustration, it is of import that a Marketing Manager ( Appendix F ) is one that, non merely is able to do accurate opinion, but besides needs to stand by these opinions and non be excessively easy influenced by other people ‘s words.A In other words, they need to be prepared to â€Å" disregard naysayers, even if it ‘s those that are closest to them. † ( Scott Brooks, 2004 ) . Hence, being brave and besides individual minded can be seen as a demand in this sense.A The Belbin trial consequences have identified me as being a ‘specialist ‘ where the cardinal feature of this function is individual mindedness.A With me being a of course obstinate individual who does n't normally alter my head holding made my determinations, I believe I am suited for this peculiar calling pick.2.3 Movable accomplishmentsIn add-on to the right personality and occupation specific accomplishments, a wise employer will besides look to see what movable skills a perspective employee can offer.A The term movable accomplishments merely refers to a set of generic accomplishments in which an person needs in order to be effectual members of a flexible, adaptable and competitory work force and for life-long learning.A â€Å" At the bosom of it all, most employers are looking for people with common accomplishments and features. † ( Phil O'Reilly, 2009 ) .A Unlike occupation specific accomplishments, movable accomplishments can be used in many ways, gained through past experiences.A They are accomplishments that can be used in a assortment of occupations and situations.A In order to be successful in Marketing, there is a repertory of accomplishments that are required for me to efficaciously make my occupation which include clip direction, people accomplishments, leading, teamwork and good organizational accomplishments, amongst others. Marketing occupations rely on the ability to sell merchandises through interaction with a assortment of different clients. Hence, good communicating accomplishments are essential.A As identified by my VARK trial consequences, I have strong aural accomplishments that would be particularly utile in Marketing since the occupation demands that I have a good apprehension of clients ‘ needs.A Bing a good hearer, and besides person that likes to see things from different positions, this would let me to pass on efficaciously with my clients.A My ability to pass on good has been greatly developed through my past employment as a Customer Service Representative at the Bank of China and private coach, learning Mathematicss and assorted linguistic communications to kids. Therefore, good communicating now represents one of my cardinal strengths.A I am tri-lingual giving me versatility in my communicating accomplishments leting me to speak with a wider client range.A Good presentation accompl ishments is besides an of import facet of communicating accomplishment that is required in my hereafter calling since it is likely that It would be needed when advancing new merchandises for instance.A Fortunately, my presentational accomplishments have been greatly enhanced over clip through past experience in giving presentations during my past employment and current studies.A Having a good apprehension of the merchandises that I am advancing and any new merchandises on the market is besides really of import in Marketing.A Hence, it is necessary to hold good research accomplishments and besides to hold an unfastened head with respects to larning new material.A Bing a ‘reflector ‘ agencies that I happy to absorb information from many different angles and utilize it to do my determinations, while being a ‘specialist ‘ as identified by my Belbin trial consequences suggests that I have a natural avidity to larn and spread out my cognition in subjects at hand.A As I am likely to be working within a squad in my work force with similar marks, there is no uncertainty that good teamwork accomplishments are a requirement.A I believe that I possess good teamwork capablenesss holding already been in employment where good teamwork is a must, such as working with my co-workers in the publicity and derivation of comprehensive fiscal programs during my old job.A I besides actively partake in assorted teamwork athleticss that have allowed me to efficaciously construct on my teamwork skills.A It is my mark to accomplish a calling as a Marketing director in hereafter, which will demand extra accomplishments in order to be successful such as leading and ability to actuate myself and others within my team.A Bing a Selling director will intend that I will have greater duty, pull offing a squad or doing cardinal determinations that will impact company success.A Although I believe that I possess an ideal personality to set about such a function in a company, I feel that I will necessitate to better myself farther before I am ready.A With respects to movable accomplishments, I believe my biggest failing lies in my leading qualities, being a less self-asserting person that likes to keep back from engagement in group activities.A I understand that if I am to be a good leader, I will necessitate to better this facet by playing a more outstanding function in group activities and basically ‘stamping my authority'.A I do non to the full agree with the impression that leading is a quality that ca n't be taught, and some people are merely born leaders.A I feel that leading is a accomplishment that can be improved through life-long acquisition and experience ; hence I will boom to better myself in this respect.A â€Å" As with all accomplishments, they need to be learnt and no-one is born with them. † ( Phil O'Reilly, 2009 ) .A A A A ADecisionLife-long acquisition is an indispensable procedure for me to larn new accomplishments and besides to better bing 1s. It is besides extremely of import for my personal development towards being a ‘better ‘ individual, and one that is able to accommodate to an of all time changing universe. The changeless skill of new movable accomplishments is besides critical for calling patterned advance and to give myself a competitory advantage over those booming for the same chances as myself. By utilizing a assortment of different trials, I have gained an grasp of my ain personality, larning penchants and strengt hs. This information, together with my involvements makes me ideally suited for a future calling in the Marketing field.