The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried EssayEvery work of literature has a pass off theme. Whether it is about a love, guilt or a desire for revenge, every character comes across a struggle between their passion and responsibility. The Things They Carried features many characters that chastise conflicts. Jimmy cross struggles with his responsibility to his work force as well as his love for a woman that does not love him back. Lieutenant Jimmy baffle is a young, carefree man who is still searching for his future. Without realizing what he was getting himself into, he applies for the Reserve Officers Training Corps at his college in unexampled Jersey. some(prenominal) of his friends knew he did not care about the war. Even Cross himself never gave it a second thought. He never thought he would actually go to war by taking the Reserve Officers Training Corps course. Later that year, he is drafted to the war as Lieutenant of several manpower under his charge, and he is unsure about everythin g he does. He had no desire to be a team leader, let alone lead a group of men into a blind war. Up until the day he was drafted, Jimmy Cross did not care for the war and what was happening. Being only a sophomore in college, he was still a young man with no experience when it came to war and being Lieutenant.As the war goes on, Cross begins to grasp that he is accountable for the safety of his own men. Although he did not want to be, he understood that someone had to be the leader. While they were all in Vietnam for the war, Jimmy Cross men find him day dreaming frequently. His estimate was on Martha, a woman he fell in love with while attending college in New Jersey. Even he would find himself day dreaming about old memories of her and what his future would be like with Martha. Lieutenant Cross carried various reminders of his love for her. He would often read letters from her and gaze at her photographs she sent him.He knew she did not love him back like how he loved her. Cross wished things were varied between the two of them. He wanted her to love him back but he knew that was too good to be true. When Ted Lavender died, Jimmy blamed himself. He felt guilty for not watching over his men at the time when they needed him the most. He should have saved Lavender but instead, his mind was filled with thoughts of Martha, a woman who gave no indication of ever loving him back. As a result, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggles to make the right ratiocination for his men and burns all letters, photographs and memories of Martha.His struggle for Marthas love kept him from protecting his men and he now holds guilt for Lavenders finis deep within. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggled throughout the novel frequently. He had conflicts with what he wanted from Martha, and his responsibility to his soldiers. In the end, Cross steps up and takes get wind of his situation. He becomes the leader that everyone expects him to be by giving up Martha and focusing on the war and h is men. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross did what was right for his men to clutch them safe from harm.

Pfizer company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pfizer guild Analysis EssayIntroductionPfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to attend us have a better wellness. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was make to disc over and amazeing newborn ways to nix and treat illness and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many musics. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I testament be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more substantial key points about Pfizer. I pass on also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place.Exploring the History of PfizerTwo cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some m cardinaly that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer founding father in (1849). Their start ing time company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick construction serves as every social occasion, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was break with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and beat of tartar. Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War.The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a change agent and also a vital medicine to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the appear field of photography. (Pfizer 2009) By the ( 1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they bargain for a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.(Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. merely in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erharts share at half(a) inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer files an official certificate of incor poration in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special gore meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906.The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. P fizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer collar an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it companys contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural percentage of the company to offer animal health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another full treatment in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey.The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967) , the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic calledVibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory musics in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the worlds most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we snappy in everyday.He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and fostering center on the campus of Makerere University in capital of Uganda as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-ye ar initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral device neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009)PfizerPfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market mankind and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its grounding. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs intentional to incite access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and away to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to mea for sure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the beat out practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Pfizer leadership and StructureThis company is made up of the better senior level executive personnel and the best decision- making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very close knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the cover of the Companys business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009)Corporate GovernancePfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for golf club as a whole, we must first practice respons ible business principles. And, we must take into account our stakeholders interests and be held accountable to them. As reading the quotation above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009)Public indemnityPfizer has a public policy select in its company. Thats a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to spot to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009)Phrases of DevelopmentPfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to proffer for an experiential medicine which is called investi gational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a infirmity which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched some(prenominal) closer to see what method is best for the individual.The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as hapring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009)ProgramsPfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programsConnectHIV The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Science in Schools The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives toencourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Volunteer Programs (PVP) The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Matching Gift The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Global Health Partnerships Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independency and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence.Pfizer Animal HealthPfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness.ArticlesThe next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. Will Pfizers giveaway drugs pull down its public image? The first article I will summarize is Will Pfizers giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have disoriented their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day.Other pharmaceuticalindustry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their range of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. Its also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own.

Strategies for Technology in the Classroom

Strategies for technology in the ClassroomWith great power comes great responsibility. VoltaireI am reminded of this quote as we end this semester. some clock times we adopt educational technologies for the wrong reasons. Either we wish to impress or we are simply misguided. Through the months, the different issues and topics discussed raised my awareness on the advantages, disadvantages, and the dangers of victimisation technology in teaching. To describe what I know directgeable, I will discuss ein truththing choronologically.QR codes. The application of QR codes in a scavenger hunt intrigued me so much that I applied it in my class. The first try had a lot of problems since the design that I do was too complicated and hence, too difficult to organize. I do 30 problems with 3 variations each and 20 different routes. Although I had some students assist me, it turned out to be a bittie of a incubus preparing e trulything. The good thing though was my students really had fun a nd it was enough for them to request for a second hunt. Learning from my first experience, I eliminated the routes and instead executed a plain scavenger hunt giving bon pulmonary tuberculosiss to the groups with the most number of QR codes. You could just imagine the ruckus resulting during the activity, everybody was running and shouting and it turned out well. Aside from the use of QR codes, one concept that I was also able to apply was Professor Ques discussion of the digital divide. The activity required that students had to have a capable phone and a QR code reader so I surveyed all my classes to check if there were enough for the groups to wreak on. Luckily, there were so were able to proceed. This competency not have occurred to me had I not been exposed to the discussions in EdTech 210.Badges. I got this idea from our report on Emerging Technologies. It is one form of applying the principle of learn since it is a reward system. I was surprised by its success. Instead of awarding points, I awarded badges and logged everything in schoology. Whenever I failed to list a badge, I immediately standard feedback from the concerned student about it. I even implemented this in the recitations and I was able to increase the level of straggleicipation during discussions. Instead of being afraid, students were plain about not being given the chance to reciteInfographics. I really enjoyed doing my infographics and I decided that this was an ideal activity for my classes. Math is mostly pertain on logical-mathematical and visual spatial intelligences. Howard Gardner suggests that people have different strengths with respect to the eight intelligences that he has defined and he encourages teachers to employ strategies to address the learning strengths of children. I felt that this was an ideal activity for those who had artistic skills and it was well received. The submitted infographics exceeded my expectations. Since my students belong to the digital genera tion, they were adept at creating digital artwork. I gave them minimal instructions and simply provided them the golf links that I got from EdTech 210.Equity, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Use of Technology for Education. My level of awareness on the possibilities of endangering our students when made to use online materials was heightened. Other concerns are the legal issues relate when creating online content. Students need to be reminded on respecting intellectual property and proper attribution. The first time the infographics were submitted, I asked everybody to revise them since they freely used images from the net without citing their sources. When I made flipped classroom videos, I used flipasaurus instead of youtube to ensure that students viewed only my videos and not some recommended one which I had no control. During the semester, I was planning to create a facebook account as an educational extension tool where I could post useful links on Math and their studies but delayed this to plan and theme very well the possible problems of doing so. Instead, I used Schoology and UVLE in tandem to deliver content.Report 1. Essential conditions for technology integration. I am a watertight believer of standards because I used to be an ISO auditor in our plant. During those years, I learned the benefits of standards and how to design them for optimization. After our plant was ISO certified, the process became less people hook resembling since all standards, and the corresponding yield steps involved were identified. Previously, when a hypercritical personnel resigned, he or she brought with him all his knowledge and expertise. After the standardization of the production system, this problem was lessened. We made less mistakes and were more consistent in level and quality of output. I was very glad that ISTE has formulated similar ones and because of the report, I learned how to use them in assessing whether educational technologies satisfy them. The gu idelines for coaches are also a great help since I do blended learning activities and use the net income a lot for lesson extensions. I feel more confident that I potentiometer design courses that are more attuned to the needs of my students.Report 2. Traditional and digital media for education. Sophisticated technology is not always the best tool. Ultimately, it depends on the situation. I was particularly interested in the different examples that the group brought along. Actual samples are really more interesting than pictures and it was good that the members brought many of them to class. Most of the traditional tools I know are for Math so it was good to see how other areas like science and preschool classes use certain tools to aid learning.Report 3. Emerging Technologies in Education. I was really really glad that we got this report because I am very interested in projections and glimpses of the future. Not only did I learn the emerging technologies in the field of education but also the issues and challenges that educators face before they can go mainstream. The NMC horizon reports offer rich information and what is so good about them is that they are results of inputs from leaders and experts from different parts of the world. Most regions have the similar problems but they differ in priority largely because of the economic divide.Report 4. 21st century skills. This report reminded me that I have to keep improving and to be updated on new technologies and trends in education. In this century, the demands on workers are being upped and upped since we live in a fast paced world that is media driver. It is a world that is very different from the previous centurys. Students have to learn more at a faster rate and at higher levels. They should learn how to be creative, innovative, critical thinkers, problem solvers, and effective communicators which is a tough call. This puts more burden on teachers to improve pedagogies and meet this needs.Flipped class room. Unquestionably, this is a very useful strategy. For my case, I see a lot of applications in my classes since one of my main problems is limited classroom time. Mathematics involves conceptual collar and procedural fluency and flipping may give me more time to address these concerns when I meet my students. I actually partly implemented this in my Math 1 clIn addition, schools must promote an understanding of academic content at much higher levels by weaving21st century interdisciplinary themes into core subjectsGlobal AwarenessFinancial, Economic, Business and entrepreneurial LiteracyCivic LiteracyHealth LiteracyEnvironmental LiteracyLearning and Innovation SkillsLearning and innovation skills are what separate students who are prepared for increasingly analyzable life and work environments in todays world and those who are not. They includeCreativity and InnovationCritical Thinking and Problem SolvingCommunication and Collaboration randomness, Media and Technology SkillsTod ay, we live in a technology and media-driven environment, marked by access to an abundanceof information, rapid changes in technology tools and the ability to collaborate and make individualistcontributions on an unprecedented scale. Effective citizens and workers must be able to exhibit a range offunctional and critical thinking skills, much(prenominal) asInformation LiteracyMedia LiteracyICT (Information, Communications and Technology) LiteracyLife and Career SkillsTodays life and work environments require far more than thinking skills and content knowledge. The abilityto navigate the complex life and work environments in the globally competitive information age requiresstudents to pay rigorous attention to developing adequate life and career skills, such asFlexibility and AdaptabilityInitiative and Self-DirectionSocial and Cross-Cultural SkillsProductivity and AccountabilityLeadership and ResponsibilityAnd last but not least is Mahara. I remember Professor Que saying that at fi rst, students get discouraged and see it as difficult to use. But once you know how to use it, you learn to warmth it. Initially, I felt bewildered while navigating the site but once I started posting my work, I learned its nice features little by little which is probably the reason why I feel I have mastered it. In the learning theory article homework, a large part of the article was devoted on learning, assimilation, and accommodation. My Mahara experience is surely a reflection of these processes. More and more teachers are becoming facilitators and learners are more involved and in charge of their learning. Hence, hands on activities like the Mahara portfolio, infographics, qr codes, and more are the best ways for a learner to acquire the skills.As a final word, let me say that I am very impressed with Ed Tech 210. This is not to get the good graces of Professor Que but a sincere opinion. When I enrolled, I thought we were going to make posters and the like and I realize now th at I was really mistaken. Last November, I enrolled online in a UCLA led Coursera course on emerging technologies and I am proud to say that our Ed Tech courses at COE are not lagging behind. As a teacher, I learned a lot from how this course was managed. All course requirements and course expectations were defined and deadlines were set in advance. I used to think I was very organized but this was far more better. Since we are starting the next semester in August, I be benchmarking these into my course administration.

Semantic Deviation In Pride And Prejudice English Language Essay

Semantic Deviation In Pride And Prejudice English run-in EssayJane Austin was an English rawist. Her books ar notable for the wit, social observation and insights into the lives of early 19th century women. She was born in 1775 in Hampshire. She began to write when she was a teenager. Her first novel was Sense and Sensibility which was published in 1811.The second novel she wrote was Pride and Prejudice. This novel became very famous and was appreciated. Her next novel Mansfield lay was published in 1814, and then Emma in 1816.In 1816 Jane became ill due to Addisons disease. She died in Winchester on 18 July 1817. The twain novels Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were published after her death. And a nett novel was left incomplete.Pride and Prejudice was the most popular novel of Jane Austin. The story of the novel takes place in early nineteenth century. Critics praised Jane Austens characterization and word-painting of everyday life. Human weakness is a prominent element in t his novel. Austin make determination of irony to expose foolishness and hypocrisy. Dialogue plays an great role in Pride and Prejudice. Each characters speech is appropriate. From the speech it is revealed that what they argon analogous. Elizabeths talk is direct and out verbalize, Mr. Bennetts speech is sarcastic, Mr. Collins speeches argon very long and boring, Lydias speeches atomic number 18 c befree and not serious.The incidences in Pride and Prejudice can be related to every day life i.e. embarrassments, foolishness, falling in love, realizing own mistakes, and so on Austens whole works possess a timeless quality, which makes her stories and themes as relevant today as they were two hundred years ago.Deviation means depart from an conventional course or normal standards. There argon numerous types of aside like syntactic or grammatical deflexion, lexical deviation, graphological deviation, phonological deviation, and semantic deviation. In this research the briny focu s is on Semantic deviation. Semantic deviation shows that a word or phrase can have many contrastive meanings. A word can be taken in different contexts. The real meaning can be different from apparent meaning. Semantic deviation includes irony, paradox, metaphor, simile, pun, style.CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEWDr.Sarala Krishnamurthy examined the lexis of Selman Rushdies Midnight Childrens.The method she applied was both qualitative and quantitative. In this research she worked on the use of mintage, intensify run-in, and borrowing in the novel. fit in to her examination the most important feature in Rushdies work is the use of neologism. The neologism is identified in two ways morphological and borrowing. In the novel the Indian oral communication are addicted affixation, much(prenominal) as Pajamas, phirangis. With these words affixation s is employ to convert them into plural form. The second type of neologism used is the Indian suffix are attached to English words, suc h as cousin ji and sister ji. The suffix ji in Urdu and Hindu is attached to any noun.The third type is when with English root morpheme, Hindi root morpheme is attached, such as Paan shop, hot channa, Indian fauj. In these words Paan, channa and fauj are Hindi morphemes which are attached to English morphemes. Compound words are alike formed by taking words from both the languages. The example of compound words is dia lamp, where dia is the equivalent of the word lamp. The suffix y is similarly used with words, such as shivery, glass cloudy, house wifery.The affixation ed is as well used to create neologisms. Rushdie creates many adjectival forms by adding affix ed. The examples are One eye browed, many headed, etc. The affixation ing is also used, which leads to the formation of compound words, such as lip jutting, crazy sounding. The notable point is that all the examples given are used for the first time in Midnights Children and this extend the resources of English language.I n this novel the compound words are formed in different ways. The ways are unusual collocation, co-joined words, word clusters, and noun phrases. The example of the each way is given belowUnusual collocation1. Biriyanis of determination2. Carrot and stick affairCo-joined words1. whatsitsname what is its name2. Godknowswhat God knows what3. Talldarkhandsome tall dark handsomeWord clusters1. they we should2. industry waitNoun Phrases1. two day long procession2. losing national dice game3. Going to potThe work thing to be noted in the novel is borrowing. The words are borrowed from Urdu, such as khansamaa, maulvi saab. The names of Hindu gods are also used, such as ganesh, hanuman. The names of Hindi dishes, such as lassi, khichri, ladoo are used in the novel. The names of Indian clothing dupatta, kurtaa, pajama, are also made part of the novel. Indian expressions and the words of another(prenominal) languages that are spoken in India are also used in the novel. In the end Sarala concludes that these lexis are important because it is lexical deviation and the other reason she gives is that the usage of these words tell the ball active the Indian word expressions.Agemo, Oluwatosin Stella examined The stylistic analysis of some selected numberss of Wole Soyinka. He menti unityd that the writer makes use of unusual word order in the form of Anastrophe and parenthesis. Examples areIn vain your bangles cast charmed circles at my feet (Abiku).Caught I was, foully (Telephone Conversation).This word order interrupts the normal syntactical proceed of the sentence, to create emphasis and to capture the attention of the reader. The writer has also made use of word omission, i.e. ellipsis and asyndeton. Examples areMust I weep for goats and cowries.For palm tree oil and sprinkled ask? (Abiku)I saw your jealous eye quench the SeasFlourescence, dance on the pulie incessant (Night)This creates shortness of time, emphasis or ambiguity. The scheme of repeat is also use d in the meters. Repetition is used deliberately for the sake of emphasis. It helps to grasp the attention of the reader. The lexico-syntactic choices i.e. similie and metaphor are also used in abundance in the poem. These are used to give clearness and liveliness to words. Examples areSimilieI bear no bear no heart mercuric like the clouds (Night).As lightning shrink to ants antenna (To my first white hairs).MetaphorIll be the suppliant snake coiled on the doorstep (Abiku).The comparison is made between two words that are different from each other and they are bond together to create similarity between them. Instances of hyperbole, hypernyms, onomatopoeia, synecdoche, pun, assonance, consonance are also manifest in the poem. The usage of these schemes and tropes provide musical effect and color to the poems. Graphological deviation is also present in the poem like capitalization, gauze-like print, and spacing. All of these things found out together give effective meaning. To co nvey the meaning to the reader and to grasp their attention the language used should be meaningful. Soyinka use of language conveys the meaning to the reader that what the poet wants to convey. The stylistical devices help the poet to beautify and give rhythm to the text. By this analysis it is shown that there is a difference between poetic and non-poetic language.Bahaa-Eddin M. Mazid examined A stylistic analysis of Larkins Talking in Bed. According to his analysis the lexical items, with different connotations and denotations, grammatical structures, categories all combine together to produce three main isotopies of the poem i.e. language, love and nature. These items also establish the cohesive chains and the three sub-worlds of the poem- the tenseless, present and past. In the poem an emotional lingual predicament of a duette is encountered, who cannot communicate and who used to be honest. Now they are unable to speak the truth and to be nice. The thing which is more problem atic is that there is no one to help and conjure them. This is the context of the poem, it tells about the inter psycheal relation ships. The poem consists of twelve lines. The first stanza consists of two clauses. And the second stanza starts with adverbial clause Lying together. The qualities and attributes associated with gay beings are lasting only for a short time than those associated with natural objects and other phenomenon.Talking in bed is a metalinguitic poem. The poem is about the use, misuse and guy of language. One isotopy that cross cuts the nature and the love isotopies is that of night. Thus, in bed, lying together, dark towns and isolation finds their ideal environment in the night. Night, sex and love are most related with each other. The intimate style is filled withellipsis, nonverbal communication and private code characteristics. Human involvement is more obvious in the last two clauses in the poem. In the whole poem the theme is dark, tone is bleak with di sappointment. Irony is also the dominant feature of the poem. There is a pair between imagination and reality.Talking in bed is as modern as The Wasteland. It is about the agony of alienation, the irony of senseless sex-pillow-talk that cannot be easy and bed confederation that can no longer be honest the loss of faith in communion and the death of unfeigned or kind language. The poem istrue to its own genre and author.In this the writer does The brief stylistic analysis of The Great Gatsby. The play describes the hollowness of the upper class. It also tells us about that what happened to the American dreaming. In the play Fitgerald made use of imagination and symbolism to present the moral history of his time.The use of symbolism made his work to connect the objective lens with the congenital. He starts the novel in the present, narrates the important events of the story. In chapter 4,6 and 7 the writer gradually reveals the story of Gatsbys past. In chapter 9 the past and t he present come together. The chance upon to the structure of the novel is the combination of the first person narrative and the revelation of the past gradually. The two devices worked together perfectly. If anyone of these was not used than the meaning will not be delivered clearly. In section 1 of the play abstract nouns and many multi-syllable adjectives are used, such as riotous (adj.) excursion (n.)privileged (adj.) glimpse (n).The pro forma words are also used,such as exempt, register. The psychology of Nick is revealed by the use of multi-syllable adjectives. The sentence structure is complex. The internal complex and feelings of Nick are depict in three sentences only in the first section of the play.Long but simple sentences are used in the section 2.there is one subjective clause and several coordinate sentences. For example, Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner and that. he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a risible way, and, far as I was from him,. The simile is also used in the Great Gatsby. The sentence Her voice is full of money is a metaphor. The purpose of development metaphor is to give readers aesthetic sense. In the end the analyst concludes that the language used in the play is formal. And it appeals to the reader.Dan McIntyre examined The stylistic analysis of E.E.Cummings poem.The title of the poem is listen. The poem is basically about the arrival of the spring and the happiness and joys it brings. On the other hand the poem also seems to be an address to the lover the poet wants his lover to sleep together with him, the arrival of spring. The themes of spring, nature, sex and man are interred related with each other. The subject matter of the poem is not complex. There are many stylistic features present in the poem.The lexical features of the poem are examined. The poem mostly consists of nouns and verbs. Most of the nouns are concrete and only two are abstract .i.e. dream and miracle. The verbs used create a s ense of immediacy. All the verbs which are marked for tense are in the present tense. We have present simple verbs .i.e. barks, present progressive forms .i.e. are eagerly, tumb/ling, and o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are. The poet also made use of adverb of manner, which conveys a sense of speed. The adverbs used are (quickly), excitement (crazily, eagerly) and inevitability (irrevocably).Directive verbs are used to address to the other person .i.e. (listen, look, come(x2),run(x2),jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry, sing). These are used to request the addressee to enjoy the coming of the spring with the poet. For example, in the linesrun run/with me now and sing)for its Spring.There is no neologism in the poem but some words are arranged in the poem in strange way. For example the word tremendous is divided in two lines, dividing it into two morphemes .i.e. wonderandful. First the word gives the expression of noun wonder and if it is read again it seems to be the adjective wonderful.The most imping ing effect in listen is the use of deviations. Throughout the poem graphological deviation is present. The poet has deliberately capitalized the words in the middle of the sentence. The last line of the poem is super fore grounded because all the letters are capitalized. Grammatical deviation is also used in the poem. Punctuations are applied where they are not required. An example would be in lines 12 and 13 o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leavesflowers)dreams. Cummings has break grammatical conventions to convey the simultaneously coming thoughts. Due to which the groups of nouns run together without any punctuation. (E.g. lines 3 to 6 and line 22).the definite and indefinite references are deep down the same clause. i.e. this adog barks. The possible explanation could be that the poet uses this to refer that he is talking about the particular dog and on the other hand he uses a to refer that he is not familiar with the dog.Graphological parallelism is also used by the poet. All the first li nes of the next stanza are separated by the above lines by double space. The poem has no rhyme scheme of regularity. There is no strict pattern adopted by the poet. In conclusion Cummings deliberately chooses to use such seemingly odd stylistic techniques in (listen). stylistic helps the reader to understand the things in the text which are otherwise not understandable easily.Dominique Costa examined A stylistical analysis of Thomas Hardys The Ruined maid. In the poem the lexical items used belong to variety of languages. The geographical, temporal, social dialects clearly appear in the poem. Terms such as thee, thou used belong to regional dialect. There occurrence is purposeful. Hardy used this device to draw the attention of the reader towards the characteristics of the country people. Expressions like digging potatoes, spudding up docks and barton belong to rural lexis. This enhances the untried women social origin. The words like bracelets, dress, gloves which are associated w ith women are used frequently. Hardy uses expression related to feminity such as my dear, delicate cheek, delicate face. From this it is shown that the theme of womanhood hood is prevalent in the poem.Conjunctions are also used frequently. The conjunctions such as and, but are significant. The poem is built in parallel structures two types of parallelism within the sentences are also used. The examples of parallelism areIn The Ruined Maid lexis, cohesion, syntax, sound plays a dominant role. References to the past and present are also constant ion the poem. The setting of the play is temporal.Metin TMUN examined A stylistic study to explore the language of poems. The goal was to perceive the meaning and discretion the language of the text. The text which is taken into consideration is the poem of Siegfried Sassoons The Rear-Guard and Wilfred Owenss Anthem for Doomed Youth. The paper not only focuses on analyzing the text but also argues in favor of exploiting language based approa ches in literature. In Sassoons The Rear-Guard the poet uses the poetic language of violence. The poet has himself experienced the violence as a soldier in world war 2.the themes of the poem are violence, and the trenches of the war. On the other hand in the poem of Wilfred Owenss Anthem for Doomed Youth the relations with family, army, poetry and Church are depicted. Sassoon and Owen both deal with the atrocities of the war. In Anthem for Doomed Youth in order to reveal the agonies, violence, silence of a family in mourning, sorrows of the people, Owen makes use of both the equipment casualty of army and church. In both the poems the words related with war are present i.e. guns, rapid rattle, stuttering rifles. Owen also uses the discourse of the church like bells, prayers, mourning, choirs, candles, holly glimmers. In Owens poem we have lexical groupings of war and church. The main focus of the analysis was that how the words used convey the meaning to the reader. In The Rear Gua rd the feelings of a person are described who has himself faced the atrocities of war and he thinks that war is evil and unjust. It destroys the lives of people. In Owens poem Anthem for Doomed Youth the poet by using linguistic devices gives the message and lesson to the world that war should be prohibited. The war is not an enjoyable thing it destroys the lives of people, homes and countries.Masanori Miyata examined Types of linguistic devices in Oliver Twist. The six types of deviation present in Oliver thingmajig are taken under consideration. The phonological deviation is present in the dialogue of Gamfield, which shows typically substandard or vulgar language. The words of his speech are acause(because),afore(before),nothink(nothing),etc. Graphological deviation is also part of the novel. The author uses parenthesis within the dialogue to reveal the inner thoughts of the character. For exampleHave the goodness to look at me, verbalise Mr.bumble, fixing his eyes upon her. (If she stands such an eye as that, said Mr. Bumble to himself. She can stand anything. (Mr. Bumble, XXXVII, 268)Capital letters and dashes are also used within the dialogue. In the dialogue by Fagin, Fagin retorted Nancy with rage in capital letters. WILL. Neologisms are also invented in the play. i.e. Greenland, merry-go-rounder. Dicken invented special terms like beadlehood, henpeckery, half-baptized. New compound words are formed by combining two lexical items with hyphens like psalm-singers, concept-making, surgeons-friend, and orange-peel.Mr. Bumble add suffixes -er and -est. with adjectives in his dialogues, which normally proceed more and most in Standard English. Examples are obstinater, ungratefullest, He also uses double superlatives i.e. most bare-facedest. Dickens also uses vague phrase like certain soft nothings. Oxymorons are also evident. For example good unhealthy port, logically contradict but contextually consistent. Paradox like night so long, and yet so short, are also applied by Dickens. Synecdoche, metaphor, simile all are the part of the play. Dickens ion his novel has used approximately all types of deviations, schemes, tropes and lexical features. Irony is prevalent throughout the novel. In conclusion Dickens creates new words and skillfully manipulates it in his novel....CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1. Research QuestionTo analyze the semantic deviation in Jane Austins novel Pride and Prejudice3.2. DelimitationThe text which is to be analyzed is Pride and Prejudice. It consists of 61 chapters, but the focus will be on first 25 chapters of the novel. The text will be analyzed semantically. The focus will be on semantic deviations used by the writer. The real meaning inherent in the apparent meaning will be focused.3.3. Theoretical FrameworkStylistics is the study of style of language. It describes the usage of language in speech, written works and public affairs. Deviations are a part of stylistic analysis. Deviation means depart from an established course or normal standards. There are many types of deviation, like semantic, syntactic, graphological, register and grammatical deviation. But the focus in this research is only on semantic deviation. The main points which would be under consideration during semantic analysis of the novel will be irony, metaphor, paradox, pun, style.

Gender Differences in Mental Illness Experiences

Gender Differences in Mental Illness ExperiencesTitle In what ways does sexuality fabricate the experience of intellectual illness?IntroductionWomen and mental wellness is a vast topic and we do not presume to cover all told aspects of it indoors the confines of this attempt. We will, however, explore a number of relevant themes in some detail by item reference to peer reviewed literature on the subject. In doing so, we recognise the fact that it is vital to make a critical assessment of the literature as, in any branch of medically related work, it is vital to memorise a firm evidence base. (Berwick D 2005).Much of the literature that we harbour assessed for consideration amounts to little more than than simple opinion on a subject, and as such, is only of use as an opinion rather than a fact that has been subject to proper scientific scrutiny. (Green Britten 1998). In this essay we take note of opinions however aim to present verifiable facts.We do know that mental illn ess in the UK is associated with a epochal freight of twain disability and morbidity in general, and this will vary with both the severity of the illness at any discontinuen time and alike the nature of the illness itself. (Annandale, E1998). A number of studies feel shown that, as a lifetime experience, nearly half of the population will suffer some kind of quantifiable psychological or psychiatric disorder. (Bayer, 1987)The veritable incidence of morbidity is hard to assess accurately. Firstly because doctors tend to under-diagnose positive psychiatric morbidity and secondly because there is a general reluctance to desire medical help with this type of complaint. It has been suggested that only 40% of people with a signifi assholet mood, anxiety or substance misuse riddle will actually seek help in the first year of the problem becoming app bent. (Boswell G Poland F 2004)In the context of this essay we should note that, in unsubtle terms, the overall grade of psychiatr ic disorder atomic number 18 approximately equal in both men and women, but the significant differences between the sexes are lay down in the patterns of how the disorders manifest themselves. (Castle DJ et al 2001)It is also fair to comment that an examination of the literature seems to suggest that the morbidity which appears to be associated with mental disorders has been the subject of more attention and explore than the actual determinants and mechanisms that appear to be significant in both the promotion of mental health, and protection against mental illness, together with those factors which appear to give a degree of resilience against stress and other adversities which are grammatical gender specific. ( Rogers Pilgrim 2002)Gender differencesWe do know that a number of psychiatric illnesses have diametrical rates of presentation. Some, such as schizophrenia have gender differential modes of presentation and illness trajectory (Kornstein S Clayton A 2002).Just why sho uld this be? A number of authors point to various features of gender difference that whitethorn account for this difference. Castle (et al 2001) spend a large proportion of their watchword differentiating the male and female brain in terms of the termination of testosterone on neurodevelopment. While this is undeniably a source of difference, it would appear that their argument rather travel apart when other authors point to the fact that the differences that we are considering here are actually better correlated with both gender and culture than actual biological sex. (Pattison 2001)Gender has much deeper socio-economic and cultural implications than simply a sexual consideration. It is gender that is one of the prime determinants of the differential power and status factors that influence the degree of falsify that both men and women have over their socio-economic situation and genial position in their own cultural hierarchy. This, in turn, determines both their susceptibilit y, and indeed their motion picture, to significant mental health risks. (Busfield J 1996)We have already alluded, in passing, to the differential incidence of various illnesses. We know that depression and anxiety related patterns of illness, together with those that have a significant element of somatosisation of their symptomatology, are more standardisedly to occur in women than men with a ratio of about 31. Illnesses such as oxidizable (unipolar) depression is found to occur with double the oftenness in women, when compared to men. This particular disease process is statistically the most leafy vegetable mental health problem that affects women, but it also tends to be more persistent in women both in terms of longevity of the episode and in oftenness of relapse. (APA 1994)Gender differences are also apparent when it comes to a consideration of substance villainy, however it is usual to find the reverse ratio in most studies on the subject. Alcohol abuse and dependence wi ll occur 2.5 times more frequently in men than women. It is not certain whether these changes are primarily cultural or biological, as they do vary to a degree between different cultures, but the sex difference is by and large found. (Kraemer S 2000)Unlike the unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, like schizophrenia, has no differential rate of presentation although there are defined differences in the disease trajectory in terms of age at presentation, the frequency and nature of the first rank psychotic symptoms. This may have a bearing on the longer term sequelae such as social adaption and long term disease process outcome. (Kaplan HI et al 1991)It is also a demonstrable fact that the degree of morbidity rises exponentially with multiple degrees of comorbidity. In studies on the subject, women outnumber men in this area as well.This consideration then begs the question, just what are the gender specific different factors that determine mental health or the susceptibi lity to mental illness?We have already suggested that many factors are not purely biological, and a number of different text file point to the fact that many of the trip outs and stressor factors which can be associated with mental illness, are also gender specific. The gender based role in a particular society ( certainly in the UK), will produce different exposure to different stressors and negative life experiences. Equally it will give different exposure to the protective effect of a positive life experience. (Moynihan C 1998)We can cite specific examples in this regard. Women are frequently the domestic target of male-based violence. This factor is probably important in the fact that women have the highest incidence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).(Jewkes R 2002)There is still a gender gap in the earnings tables, both in total lifetime earnings and also in average earning levels. This implies that women tend to be less financially independent and more socio-economica lly deprived (on average) that males. In many societies this is also translated into lower social status that the male and this is often also associated with fewer social freedoms all of which may be associated with an increasing psychological co-morbidity. (Gordon G et al 2001)There is also the consideration that in the majority of cultures, it is the woman who typically bears the major preserve of care in the family, not only of the children, but also of the elderly relatives, and this frequently produces constant and unremitting levels of stress, which again, is recognised as a major trigger for psychological morbidity. (Davies TW 1994)All of these factors, when considered collectively, appear to exert a significant influence on the overall patterns of gender specific distribution of psychiatric morbidity in the community at large. These factors are generally exacerbated (and the gender differences accentuated), when there are sudden and unpredicted fluctuations in the general income level or the stability of the social strata.(Murray M 1995).We have already alluded to the fact that the rates of diagnosis by the healthcare professionals tend to underestimate the true incidence of psychiatric morbidity in the community. It is potential that the healthcare professional can also skew the results in a different way. We know, from a number of studies, that gender bias occurs in both the diagnosis and treatment of mental conditions. Doctors have been shown to be more likely to make a diagnosis of depression in women than in men compensate when the cohorts have been previously matched in terms of symptom severity and when the present with matched symptoms. Doctors are also statistically more likely to prescribe psychotropic practice of medicine for women than for men. (Bhui K et al 1995),Why should this be? Part of the reason is that women have demonstrably different patterns of presentation of psychological morbidity than men. Women are more likely to be open and to disclose their problems to a healthcare professional than a man. Women tend to disclose problems to a primary healthcare team professional (and because be treated in the community), whereas a man is statistically more likely to present to a secondary care specialist (which is possibly why men have a disproportionately high representation of inpatient care) (Boswell G Poland F 2004)This may be due to the general perception of the gender stereotype. It is more socially acceptable for a man to have an alcohol problem. Some would argue that Dean Martin made a career out of his drinking. Women are expected to be more emotionally labile than men, and the typical male stereotype is to be stoical and unflinching in the face of adversity. These patterns of behaviour in both the general public, as well as in the perceptions of healthcare professionals, go a long way towards perpetuating many of the gender inequalities that we have examined therefore far. It is certainly possible th at they may be responsible, at least in part, for the apparent varying susceptibility of the sexes to different illness patterns. (Bandarage A 1997)ConclusionsIn this essay we have considered some of the evidence that related to the gender differences in the presentation and trajectory of mental illness. We note that the WHO recognises many of these factors on a global descale and has put forward three factors that it considers to be protective in the development of mental morbidity (especially depression).In the light of our discussion above, it can be seen that, although the WHO addresses the points generally to the whole population, they, arguably, have a greater relevance for women than men, certainly in our current culture in the UK.Having sufficient autonomy to exercise some find in response to severe events.Access to some material resources that allow the possibility of making choices in the face of severe events.Psychological support from family, friends, or health provide rs is powerfully protective.(WHO1998)We have established that women represent the greatest element of morbidity in the overall consideration of both psychiatric and psychological pathology. This may a real finding, but we note that there is a considerable element of bias in the figures, both from the differential rates of presentation and also relative gender bias that appears to exist in the healthcare professionals in general.There is also additional bias in the fact that women have a longer life expectancy than men and therefore have more life chances to present with psychiatric morbidity, quite apart from the fact that the morbidity rates increase with advancing age, primarily associated with the dementias and various organic brain syndromes (Russell D 1995).On a world wide basis, women are more susceptible to the destabilising effect of war, economic instability and natural disasters which add to the burden of negative life experiences that are a prime risk factor for the devel opment of mental illness. (Brown GW 1978).We have also identified the fact that the womans position in her particular culture or society is also a very significant factor in generating gender differences. There are gender differences in society and therefore it clearly comes as no surprise that these differences are reflected in the gender differences in health generally. The woman, in the majority of cultures is expected to assume a number of different roles (sometimes simultaneously), each with their own pressures. The unremitting role of the carer is common and clearly a cause of chronic stress. This can be both combined with, and exacerbated by, situations of comparative poverty which again magnifies the effect of all of the negative stressors which can mitigate towards mental ill-health. Other factors such as sexual abuse can also play a gender specific role in the aetiology of mental illness.In the words of Masson, (J.M. 1986) in his historical overview of the field of psychol ogical disabilityThere is a positive relationship between the frequency and severity of such social factors and the frequency and severity of mental health problems in women. Severe life events that cause a sense of loss, inferiority, humiliation or entrapment can predict depression.Some authors point to the difficulty of communication of the patient with the healthcare professional. In areas where there are cultural or perceived socio-economic differences, it is original that this may be a significant factor (Platt, FW Gordon GH 1999).If difficulty of communication is a problem, the conscientious healthcare professional should endeavour to be aware of it and minimise its potential impact with strategies such as a translator or perhaps a more empathetic or understanding approach. bingle could hope that this would go some way to reducing the burden of disclosure from a patient who may already have a significant burden of psychological illness themselves.All in all, we can conclud e that the whole area of gender, in relation to mental health problems, is both difficult, multifactorial and complex. A significant amount of work has been done in this field, but there is clearly scope for a great deal more.ReferencesAnnandale, Ellen (1998)The Sociology of health Medicine A Critical Introduction.Cambridge Polity 1998APA 1994American psychiatrical Association. DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.Washington, DC APA, 1994Bandarage A 1997Women, population and a global crisiscapital of the United Kingdom Zed books 1997Bayer, Ronald (1987)Homosexuality and American Psychiatry The Politics of Diagnosis.Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press. 1987Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005 14 315 316.Boswell G Poland F 2004Womens minds, Womens bodiescapital of the United Kingdom Routledge ISBN 0333919696Brown, George W. Tiril Harris (1978)The Social Origins of Depression A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. New York The Free Press. 1978Brown, G.W., S.Davidson T.Harris (1977)Psychiatric Disorder in London and North UistSocial Science and Medicine 11 367-377Bhui K, Christie Y, Bhugra D. 1995Essential elements in culturally sensitive psychiatric services.Int J Soc Psychiatry 199541242-56Busfield, Joan (1996)Men, Women and daftness Understanding Gender and Mental Disorder. London Macmillan. 1996Castle DJ, John McGrath, Jayashri Kulkarni (eds) 2001Women and SchizophreniaCambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 78617 7 2001Davies TW. 1994Psychosocial factors and relapse of schizophrenia.BMJ 1994309353-4.Gordon G, Welbourn A. 2001Stepping stones and men.Washington,DC InterAgency Gender Working Group, 2001.Green J, Britten N. 1998Qualitative research and evidence based medicine.BMJ 1998 316 1230-1233Jewkes R 2002 Preventing domestic violence BMJ, Feb 2002 324 253 254 Kaplan HI, Sadcock BJ 1991Synposis of Psychiatry, behavioural SceincesBaltimore Maryla nd Wilkins Wilkins 1991Kornstein S Clayton A (eds) 2002Womens Mental Health A Comprehensive Textbook 2002The Guilford Press, ISBN 1 57230 699 8Kraemer S 2000 The fragile male BMJ, Dec 2000 321 1609 1612 Masson, J.M. (1986)A Dark Science. Women, Sexuality and Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century. New York Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 1986Moynihan C 1998 Theories in health care and research Theories of masculinity BMJ, Oct 1998 317 1072 1075Murray M.1995Prevention of anxiety and depression in vulnerable groups.London Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995Pattison H 2001 Women and Schizophrenia Women and Mental Health BMJ, Jul 2001 323 114 Penfold, P. Susan Gillian A.Walker (1984)Women and the Psychiatric Paradox.Milton Keynes Open University. 1984Platt, FW Gordon GH 1999Field Guide to the Difficult Patient Interview 1999Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 250 ISBN 0 7817 2044 3London Macmillian Press 1999Rogers A and David Pilgrim 2002Mental Health and inequalityLondon Macmillan, ISBN 0333786572 2002Russell, Denise (1995)Women, Madness and Medicine.Cambridge Polity. 1995Showalter, Elaine (1987)The Female Malady. Women, Madness and English Culture 1830-1980. London Virago. 1987Skultans, Vieda (1987)The partagement of Mental Illness among Maharashtrian Families A Case Study of a Mahanubhav Healing Temple.Man Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 22(4)661-679Szasz, Thomas S.(1971)The Manufacture of Madness. A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement.London Routledge. 1971WHO 1998World Health organisation 1998The World Health ReportExecutive SummaryGeneva World Health organisation 199817.1.06 PDG Word count 2,813

Factors Contributing to the Rebellion of Americans in 1776 :: Revolutionary War British Puritans History Essays

Factors Contributing to the Rebellion of Americans in 1776Imagine you are an American Colonists just making ends meet as a merchant. There has belatedly been a war between the French and the British. During the war, you continued to trade with the competitor and smuggle goods, while your colonial assembly repeatedly ref dod to provide military officials with work force and supplies. The war eventually ends, leaving the British with debt and expensive responsibilities to administer new acquired territory in North America, they received from the French. Believing that the Navigation Acts should be compel strictly and that the lightly taxed colonists should pay a share of the empires defense costs, Parliament in March 1765 passes the Stamp Act to raise revenue. Next thing you cognize Parliament imposes another act on the colonies, the Mutiny Act, stating that the colonists must house and maintain the British troops. Ok, you are a bit mad, but it is maintainable. Out of the blu e, you hear about a shooting in Boston, where five people were shoot by the British troops, there is a lot of propaganda surrounding. Your neighbors, along with yourself are enrage by what you hear. Following this incident there is much propaganda in pamphlets passed out concerning colonial religion and political ideas. These things and others happened to the colonists and impart enthralled and provoked them to rebel and in effect brought about the American Revolution. From the information I have gathered in class and from my own personal reading, I have concurred that Parliament gross was the parent irritation to the other annoyances. The Seven Years War Showed the British officials that the Americans had no regard for the Navigation Acts and imperial authority. Example of this were colonial merchants continuing to trade with the enemy and smuggle goods, while colonial assemblies repeatedly refused to provide military officials with men and supplies. The war left Great Brita in with a considerable debt and expensive responsibilities to administer newly acquired territory in North America. As a result, Parliament in March 1765 passed the Stamp Act to raise revenue. This act required the colonists to purchase and use specially stamped paper for all official documents, deeds, mortgages, newspapers, and pamphlets. The Stamp Act provoked opposition among the colonists, who saw this as a violation of their rights. To the colonists, the Stamp Act violate the right of English subjects not to be taxed without representation it also weakened the independence of their colonial assemblies.

self awareness in primates: Fact or Fiction Essay -- essays research p

AbstractThe author focuses on determining whether primates argon capable of self-awareness. An article is reviewed and evaluated encompassing different points of view and theories. Learned recognition and self-awareness is compared and discussed. Self-awareness in Primates Fact or FictionLearning is "a interchange in behavior due to experience" ( come across, 2003, p. 36). Learning allows an organism to transfer its behavior to suit a particular situation. It is a mechanism by which angiotensin converting enzyme copes with the ever-changing environment. Anything an organism does that can be measured is behavior (Chance, 2003). Organisms change their behavior to fit environmental changes this is a learning process, it provides a means to modify our physical environment for example, changing climate by controlling it, or cooking and chemically changing food. These acts are not due to heredity, they are a result of learning (Chance, 2003). It has been proven that chimpanzees and humans share 99.4 % of their DNA, making their genetic makeup very similar. Chimpanzees have large brains which are thought to be opposite with higher intelligence since it has been proven that smaller brain sizes demonstrate lower intelligence (Schmid, 2003). Gordon Gallup (1979) sought to discover the answer to a question that Darwin would respond negatively to do animals have a sense of self awareness? Darwin would say that we are fundamentally different from other animals. One assumption was that man was bizarre from other animals because of the use of tools. However, as noted by Gallup (1979) Jane Goodall discovered that chimpanzees used twigs as tools for reaching food that they could otherwise get to. Chance (2003) states "reinforcement is the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increases or maintain the strength of that behavior" (p.141). The chimpanzees had the novel thought of using a twig to reach ants that were inside a manoeuvre trun k. They strengthened or increased their behavior of using a twig to acquire food because this brought about positive consequences, i.e. food. As noted by Chance (2003) Thorndike compared operant learning to natural selection. Those behaviors that are useful survive, those that are not, die out. It has been proven that chimpanzees can grasp the basic idea of language. According to Rumbaugh (1995), recent studies memorialize that apes... ...lphins may seek selves in mirror images. (indications of self-awareness in dolphins) (Brief article). Science News, 159(18). Retrieved July 27, 2004, from HighBeam Research database.Gallup, G.G. (1979, July-August). Self-awareness in primates. American Scientist, 67(5), 417-421. Retrieved July 26, 2004, from XanEdu database. Miensinompe, S. V. (1997). Animals self awareness. Retrieved August 5, 2004, from http//www.strato.net/crvny/sa03002.htmlMiller, N. (1998, February). The reflective self A sociological perspective. Roeper Review, 20(3). Retri eved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database.Pennisi, E. (1999, June). Primate abilities are our primate cousins conscious? Science, 284(5423), 2070-2073. Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database.Rymbaugh, D. (1995, September). Primate language and cognition Common ground. Social Research, 63(3). Retrieved July 25, 2004, from HighBeam Research database.Schmid, R. E. (2003, May). Researchers Chimps closer to humans. AP Online. Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database.Wynne, C. (1999, November). Do animals hypothesise? Psychology Today. Retrieved July 26, 2004, from HighBeam Research database