Tuesday, June 4, 2019
Semantic Deviation In Pride And Prejudice English Language Essay
Semantic Deviation In Pride And Prejudice English run-in EssayJane Austin was an English rawist. Her books ar notable for the wit, social observation and insights into the lives of early 19th century women. She was born in 1775 in Hampshire. She began to write when she was a teenager. Her first novel was Sense and Sensibility which was published in 1811.The second novel she wrote was Pride and Prejudice. This novel became very famous and was appreciated. Her next novel Mansfield lay was published in 1814, and then Emma in 1816.In 1816 Jane became ill due to Addisons disease. She died in Winchester on 18 July 1817. The twain novels Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were published after her death. And a nett novel was left incomplete.Pride and Prejudice was the most popular novel of Jane Austin. The story of the novel takes place in early nineteenth century. Critics praised Jane Austens characterization and word-painting of everyday life. Human weakness is a prominent element in t his novel. Austin make determination of irony to expose foolishness and hypocrisy. Dialogue plays an great role in Pride and Prejudice. Each characters speech is appropriate. From the speech it is revealed that what they argon analogous. Elizabeths talk is direct and out verbalize, Mr. Bennetts speech is sarcastic, Mr. Collins speeches argon very long and boring, Lydias speeches atomic number 18 c befree and not serious.The incidences in Pride and Prejudice can be related to every day life i.e. embarrassments, foolishness, falling in love, realizing own mistakes, and so on Austens whole works possess a timeless quality, which makes her stories and themes as relevant today as they were two hundred years ago.Deviation means depart from an conventional course or normal standards. There argon numerous types of aside like syntactic or grammatical deflexion, lexical deviation, graphological deviation, phonological deviation, and semantic deviation. In this research the briny focu s is on Semantic deviation. Semantic deviation shows that a word or phrase can have many contrastive meanings. A word can be taken in different contexts. The real meaning can be different from apparent meaning. Semantic deviation includes irony, paradox, metaphor, simile, pun, style.CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEWDr.Sarala Krishnamurthy examined the lexis of Selman Rushdies Midnight Childrens.The method she applied was both qualitative and quantitative. In this research she worked on the use of mintage, intensify run-in, and borrowing in the novel. fit in to her examination the most important feature in Rushdies work is the use of neologism. The neologism is identified in two ways morphological and borrowing. In the novel the Indian oral communication are addicted affixation, much(prenominal) as Pajamas, phirangis. With these words affixation s is employ to convert them into plural form. The second type of neologism used is the Indian suffix are attached to English words, suc h as cousin ji and sister ji. The suffix ji in Urdu and Hindu is attached to any noun.The third type is when with English root morpheme, Hindi root morpheme is attached, such as Paan shop, hot channa, Indian fauj. In these words Paan, channa and fauj are Hindi morphemes which are attached to English morphemes. Compound words are alike formed by taking words from both the languages. The example of compound words is dia lamp, where dia is the equivalent of the word lamp. The suffix y is similarly used with words, such as shivery, glass cloudy, house wifery.The affixation ed is as well used to create neologisms. Rushdie creates many adjectival forms by adding affix ed. The examples are One eye browed, many headed, etc. The affixation ing is also used, which leads to the formation of compound words, such as lip jutting, crazy sounding. The notable point is that all the examples given are used for the first time in Midnights Children and this extend the resources of English language.I n this novel the compound words are formed in different ways. The ways are unusual collocation, co-joined words, word clusters, and noun phrases. The example of the each way is given belowUnusual collocation1. Biriyanis of determination2. Carrot and stick affairCo-joined words1. whatsitsname what is its name2. Godknowswhat God knows what3. Talldarkhandsome tall dark handsomeWord clusters1. they we should2. industry waitNoun Phrases1. two day long procession2. losing national dice game3. Going to potThe work thing to be noted in the novel is borrowing. The words are borrowed from Urdu, such as khansamaa, maulvi saab. The names of Hindu gods are also used, such as ganesh, hanuman. The names of Hindi dishes, such as lassi, khichri, ladoo are used in the novel. The names of Indian clothing dupatta, kurtaa, pajama, are also made part of the novel. Indian expressions and the words of another(prenominal) languages that are spoken in India are also used in the novel. In the end Sarala concludes that these lexis are important because it is lexical deviation and the other reason she gives is that the usage of these words tell the ball active the Indian word expressions.Agemo, Oluwatosin Stella examined The stylistic analysis of some selected numberss of Wole Soyinka. He menti unityd that the writer makes use of unusual word order in the form of Anastrophe and parenthesis. Examples areIn vain your bangles cast charmed circles at my feet (Abiku).Caught I was, foully (Telephone Conversation).This word order interrupts the normal syntactical proceed of the sentence, to create emphasis and to capture the attention of the reader. The writer has also made use of word omission, i.e. ellipsis and asyndeton. Examples areMust I weep for goats and cowries.For palm tree oil and sprinkled ask? (Abiku)I saw your jealous eye quench the SeasFlourescence, dance on the pulie incessant (Night)This creates shortness of time, emphasis or ambiguity. The scheme of repeat is also use d in the meters. Repetition is used deliberately for the sake of emphasis. It helps to grasp the attention of the reader. The lexico-syntactic choices i.e. similie and metaphor are also used in abundance in the poem. These are used to give clearness and liveliness to words. Examples areSimilieI bear no bear no heart mercuric like the clouds (Night).As lightning shrink to ants antenna (To my first white hairs).MetaphorIll be the suppliant snake coiled on the doorstep (Abiku).The comparison is made between two words that are different from each other and they are bond together to create similarity between them. Instances of hyperbole, hypernyms, onomatopoeia, synecdoche, pun, assonance, consonance are also manifest in the poem. The usage of these schemes and tropes provide musical effect and color to the poems. Graphological deviation is also present in the poem like capitalization, gauze-like print, and spacing. All of these things found out together give effective meaning. To co nvey the meaning to the reader and to grasp their attention the language used should be meaningful. Soyinka use of language conveys the meaning to the reader that what the poet wants to convey. The stylistical devices help the poet to beautify and give rhythm to the text. By this analysis it is shown that there is a difference between poetic and non-poetic language.Bahaa-Eddin M. Mazid examined A stylistic analysis of Larkins Talking in Bed. According to his analysis the lexical items, with different connotations and denotations, grammatical structures, categories all combine together to produce three main isotopies of the poem i.e. language, love and nature. These items also establish the cohesive chains and the three sub-worlds of the poem- the tenseless, present and past. In the poem an emotional lingual predicament of a duette is encountered, who cannot communicate and who used to be honest. Now they are unable to speak the truth and to be nice. The thing which is more problem atic is that there is no one to help and conjure them. This is the context of the poem, it tells about the inter psycheal relation ships. The poem consists of twelve lines. The first stanza consists of two clauses. And the second stanza starts with adverbial clause Lying together. The qualities and attributes associated with gay beings are lasting only for a short time than those associated with natural objects and other phenomenon.Talking in bed is a metalinguitic poem. The poem is about the use, misuse and guy of language. One isotopy that cross cuts the nature and the love isotopies is that of night. Thus, in bed, lying together, dark towns and isolation finds their ideal environment in the night. Night, sex and love are most related with each other. The intimate style is filled withellipsis, nonverbal communication and private code characteristics. Human involvement is more obvious in the last two clauses in the poem. In the whole poem the theme is dark, tone is bleak with di sappointment. Irony is also the dominant feature of the poem. There is a pair between imagination and reality.Talking in bed is as modern as The Wasteland. It is about the agony of alienation, the irony of senseless sex-pillow-talk that cannot be easy and bed confederation that can no longer be honest the loss of faith in communion and the death of unfeigned or kind language. The poem istrue to its own genre and author.In this the writer does The brief stylistic analysis of The Great Gatsby. The play describes the hollowness of the upper class. It also tells us about that what happened to the American dreaming. In the play Fitgerald made use of imagination and symbolism to present the moral history of his time.The use of symbolism made his work to connect the objective lens with the congenital. He starts the novel in the present, narrates the important events of the story. In chapter 4,6 and 7 the writer gradually reveals the story of Gatsbys past. In chapter 9 the past and t he present come together. The chance upon to the structure of the novel is the combination of the first person narrative and the revelation of the past gradually. The two devices worked together perfectly. If anyone of these was not used than the meaning will not be delivered clearly. In section 1 of the play abstract nouns and many multi-syllable adjectives are used, such as riotous (adj.) excursion (n.)privileged (adj.) glimpse (n).The pro forma words are also used,such as exempt, register. The psychology of Nick is revealed by the use of multi-syllable adjectives. The sentence structure is complex. The internal complex and feelings of Nick are depict in three sentences only in the first section of the play.Long but simple sentences are used in the section 2.there is one subjective clause and several coordinate sentences. For example, Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner and that. he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a risible way, and, far as I was from him,. The simile is also used in the Great Gatsby. The sentence Her voice is full of money is a metaphor. The purpose of development metaphor is to give readers aesthetic sense. In the end the analyst concludes that the language used in the play is formal. And it appeals to the reader.Dan McIntyre examined The stylistic analysis of E.E.Cummings poem.The title of the poem is listen. The poem is basically about the arrival of the spring and the happiness and joys it brings. On the other hand the poem also seems to be an address to the lover the poet wants his lover to sleep together with him, the arrival of spring. The themes of spring, nature, sex and man are interred related with each other. The subject matter of the poem is not complex. There are many stylistic features present in the poem.The lexical features of the poem are examined. The poem mostly consists of nouns and verbs. Most of the nouns are concrete and only two are abstract .i.e. dream and miracle. The verbs used create a s ense of immediacy. All the verbs which are marked for tense are in the present tense. We have present simple verbs .i.e. barks, present progressive forms .i.e. are eagerly, tumb/ling, and o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are. The poet also made use of adverb of manner, which conveys a sense of speed. The adverbs used are (quickly), excitement (crazily, eagerly) and inevitability (irrevocably).Directive verbs are used to address to the other person .i.e. (listen, look, come(x2),run(x2),jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry, sing). These are used to request the addressee to enjoy the coming of the spring with the poet. For example, in the linesrun run/with me now and sing)for its Spring.There is no neologism in the poem but some words are arranged in the poem in strange way. For example the word tremendous is divided in two lines, dividing it into two morphemes .i.e. wonderandful. First the word gives the expression of noun wonder and if it is read again it seems to be the adjective wonderful.The most imping ing effect in listen is the use of deviations. Throughout the poem graphological deviation is present. The poet has deliberately capitalized the words in the middle of the sentence. The last line of the poem is super fore grounded because all the letters are capitalized. Grammatical deviation is also used in the poem. Punctuations are applied where they are not required. An example would be in lines 12 and 13 o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leavesflowers)dreams. Cummings has break grammatical conventions to convey the simultaneously coming thoughts. Due to which the groups of nouns run together without any punctuation. (E.g. lines 3 to 6 and line 22).the definite and indefinite references are deep down the same clause. i.e. this adog barks. The possible explanation could be that the poet uses this to refer that he is talking about the particular dog and on the other hand he uses a to refer that he is not familiar with the dog.Graphological parallelism is also used by the poet. All the first li nes of the next stanza are separated by the above lines by double space. The poem has no rhyme scheme of regularity. There is no strict pattern adopted by the poet. In conclusion Cummings deliberately chooses to use such seemingly odd stylistic techniques in (listen). stylistic helps the reader to understand the things in the text which are otherwise not understandable easily.Dominique Costa examined A stylistical analysis of Thomas Hardys The Ruined maid. In the poem the lexical items used belong to variety of languages. The geographical, temporal, social dialects clearly appear in the poem. Terms such as thee, thou used belong to regional dialect. There occurrence is purposeful. Hardy used this device to draw the attention of the reader towards the characteristics of the country people. Expressions like digging potatoes, spudding up docks and barton belong to rural lexis. This enhances the untried women social origin. The words like bracelets, dress, gloves which are associated w ith women are used frequently. Hardy uses expression related to feminity such as my dear, delicate cheek, delicate face. From this it is shown that the theme of womanhood hood is prevalent in the poem.Conjunctions are also used frequently. The conjunctions such as and, but are significant. The poem is built in parallel structures two types of parallelism within the sentences are also used. The examples of parallelism areIn The Ruined Maid lexis, cohesion, syntax, sound plays a dominant role. References to the past and present are also constant ion the poem. The setting of the play is temporal.Metin TMUN examined A stylistic study to explore the language of poems. The goal was to perceive the meaning and discretion the language of the text. The text which is taken into consideration is the poem of Siegfried Sassoons The Rear-Guard and Wilfred Owenss Anthem for Doomed Youth. The paper not only focuses on analyzing the text but also argues in favor of exploiting language based approa ches in literature. In Sassoons The Rear-Guard the poet uses the poetic language of violence. The poet has himself experienced the violence as a soldier in world war 2.the themes of the poem are violence, and the trenches of the war. On the other hand in the poem of Wilfred Owenss Anthem for Doomed Youth the relations with family, army, poetry and Church are depicted. Sassoon and Owen both deal with the atrocities of the war. In Anthem for Doomed Youth in order to reveal the agonies, violence, silence of a family in mourning, sorrows of the people, Owen makes use of both the equipment casualty of army and church. In both the poems the words related with war are present i.e. guns, rapid rattle, stuttering rifles. Owen also uses the discourse of the church like bells, prayers, mourning, choirs, candles, holly glimmers. In Owens poem we have lexical groupings of war and church. The main focus of the analysis was that how the words used convey the meaning to the reader. In The Rear Gua rd the feelings of a person are described who has himself faced the atrocities of war and he thinks that war is evil and unjust. It destroys the lives of people. In Owens poem Anthem for Doomed Youth the poet by using linguistic devices gives the message and lesson to the world that war should be prohibited. The war is not an enjoyable thing it destroys the lives of people, homes and countries.Masanori Miyata examined Types of linguistic devices in Oliver Twist. The six types of deviation present in Oliver thingmajig are taken under consideration. The phonological deviation is present in the dialogue of Gamfield, which shows typically substandard or vulgar language. The words of his speech are acause(because),afore(before),nothink(nothing),etc. Graphological deviation is also part of the novel. The author uses parenthesis within the dialogue to reveal the inner thoughts of the character. For exampleHave the goodness to look at me, verbalise Mr.bumble, fixing his eyes upon her. (If she stands such an eye as that, said Mr. Bumble to himself. She can stand anything. (Mr. Bumble, XXXVII, 268)Capital letters and dashes are also used within the dialogue. In the dialogue by Fagin, Fagin retorted Nancy with rage in capital letters. WILL. Neologisms are also invented in the play. i.e. Greenland, merry-go-rounder. Dicken invented special terms like beadlehood, henpeckery, half-baptized. New compound words are formed by combining two lexical items with hyphens like psalm-singers, concept-making, surgeons-friend, and orange-peel.Mr. Bumble add suffixes -er and -est. with adjectives in his dialogues, which normally proceed more and most in Standard English. Examples are obstinater, ungratefullest, He also uses double superlatives i.e. most bare-facedest. Dickens also uses vague phrase like certain soft nothings. Oxymorons are also evident. For example good unhealthy port, logically contradict but contextually consistent. Paradox like night so long, and yet so short, are also applied by Dickens. Synecdoche, metaphor, simile all are the part of the play. Dickens ion his novel has used approximately all types of deviations, schemes, tropes and lexical features. Irony is prevalent throughout the novel. In conclusion Dickens creates new words and skillfully manipulates it in his novel....CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1. Research QuestionTo analyze the semantic deviation in Jane Austins novel Pride and Prejudice3.2. DelimitationThe text which is to be analyzed is Pride and Prejudice. It consists of 61 chapters, but the focus will be on first 25 chapters of the novel. The text will be analyzed semantically. The focus will be on semantic deviations used by the writer. The real meaning inherent in the apparent meaning will be focused.3.3. Theoretical FrameworkStylistics is the study of style of language. It describes the usage of language in speech, written works and public affairs. Deviations are a part of stylistic analysis. Deviation means depart from an established course or normal standards. There are many types of deviation, like semantic, syntactic, graphological, register and grammatical deviation. But the focus in this research is only on semantic deviation. The main points which would be under consideration during semantic analysis of the novel will be irony, metaphor, paradox, pun, style.
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